1. THE COMING OF THE NEW FRONTIER

2. PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATES JOHN F. KENNEDY AND RICHARD M. NIXON

3. THE COMING OF THE NEW FRONTIER HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=ZHGS4535W_O HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=ZRMQUCESWUC HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=ZHGS4535W_O HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=ZRMQUCESWUC  No one could have resembled Dwight Eisenhower less than John Fitzgerald Kennedy.  The handsome son of a prominent, wealthy Irish American diplomat, husband of a fashionable heiress  42-year-old JFK embodied youth, excitement, sophistication.

4. THE COMING OF THE NEW FRONTIER (CONT’D)  Kennedy ran under the banner of the “New Frontier,” inspiring idealism in millions of young people  His presidency seemed to embody the call for a new sense of national purpose

5. MAP 27.2 THE ELECTION OF 1960

6. THE ELECTION OF 1960 (CONT'D)  His inauguration brought out a bevy of intellectuals who heard him inspire a sense of sacrifice among young Americans.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mxa4HDgfWFs https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mxa4HDgfWFs

7. SHOPPERS IN AN APPLIANCE STORE WATCH PRESIDENT JOHN F. KENNEDY

8. NEW FRONTIER LIBERALISM  JFK  proposed a liberal agenda but conservatives prevented much of it from passing  supported efforts to improve employment equality for women  used fiscal policy to stimulate the economy  committed the country to expanding its manned space program.

9. THE CAMELOT YEARS a. The Kennedy Mystique  The press portrayed the Kennedys as a young, attractive, energetic, and stylish couple; with attention to arts and culture and an average every-day family  Modern day Camelot

10. B.THE BEST AND THE BRIGHTEST  McGeorge Bundy – NSA  Robert McNamara – Secretary of Defense  Dean Rusk – Secretary of State  Robert Kennedy – Attorney General

11. BAY OF PIGS INVASION APRIL 17, 1961

12.  1956-1959 Castro led a guerilla movement to topple dictator Batista in Cuba  Seized US oil refineries  Broke up commercial farms  Relied on Soviet aid  Politically repressed those who didn’t agree with him

13.  March 1960 Eisenhower gave the CIA permission to secretly train Cuban exiles for an invasion of Cuba

14.  JFK learned of the plot only 9 days after his election but still approved it

15.  April 17, 1961: 1300-1500 exiles, supported by US military, landed on Bay of Pigs

16.  Airstrike failed to knock out Cuban air force  A small advance group never reached shore  Exiles faced 25,000 Cuban troops backed by Soviet tanks and jet aircraft

17.  Publicly: JFK accepted blame  Privately: “How could the CIA and the Pentagon be this wrong”

18.  This cartoon, published in one of Cuba's state-run papers shows the president in a collar that symbolizes the fact that he is a slave to capitalism and fascism. The text at the bottom reads "a different dog, but the same collar," indicating the supposedly liberal Kennedy is really no different than any of the presidents who came before him.

19. THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS 1962

20. LOCATION

21. PLAYERS: SOVIET SIDE Nikita Khrushchev Soviet Premier Anatoly Dobrynin Ambassador to the U.S. Fidel Castro Premier of Cuba Andrei Gromyko, Minister of Foreign Affairs Raul Castro Head of Military Deputy Foreign Minister

22. John Kennedy U.S. President Robert McNamara Secretary of Defense Robert Kennedy Attorney General Dean Rusk Secretary of State Players: American Side

23. CAUSES  Cuban Invasion  Bay-of-Pigs-1961  Castro nervous.  Build-up  April 1962, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev conceived the idea of placing intermediate-range missiles in Cuba to provide a real deterrent to a potential U.S. attack against the Soviet Union or Cuba.

24. US NUCLEAR BOMBS

26. “MISSILES & MACHINES OF WAR” USN F-8 Crusader USAF RF-101 USAF U2 SS-4 "Sandal" 1000 km SS-5 "Skean" 2000 km

27. THE MISSILES: LOCATIONS

28. THE MISSILES: AERIAL PHOTO 1

29. THE MISSILES: AERIAL PHOTO 2

30. BLOCKADE: CLOSE-UP  250,000 Marines and ground troops  1,000 planes  250 naval vessels.

32. “13 DAYS” BEGIN  October 16: President Kennedy notified  October 16-22: Secret deliberations on what should be done  October 22: Kennedy tells nation his plan for blockade and quarantine  October 23: OAS endorses naval quarantine  October 24: Naval quarantine begins and successfully changes course of many Soviet ships

33. “13 DAYS” CONT.  October 25: One Soviet ship challenges naval quarantine; Kennedy lets it pass  October 25: At the UN, Adlai Stevenson directly challenges the Soviet ambassador to admit to the existence of missiles, when the ambassador refuses, Stevenson wheels out pictures of the missile sites  October 26: Soviets raise possibility for a deal: if we withdraw missiles will America promise not to invade Cuba?

34. “13 DAYS” -- CLOSURE  October 27: Soviets demand that Americans also withdraw missiles from Turkey;  Major Rudolf Anderson’s plane shot down…tensions high  Kennedy tells Khrushchev that he will accept the proposal of the 26 th, Kennedy tells his brother to tell the Soviet Ambassador that though the Turkey missiles would not be part of the bargain, they would be removed in time  October 28: USSR agrees to withdraw missiles

35. THE ASSASSINATION OF PRESIDENT KENNEDY HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=PFSXKFV_MHA&NOHTML5=FALSE HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=PFSXKFV_MHA&NOHTML5=FALSE  The November 22, 1963, assassination of Kennedy made him a martyr and raised questions about what he would have achieved, had he lived.  The Warren Commission report concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald had acted alone, but conspiracy theories, none of them provable, continue to abound.

36. TELEVISING A NATIONAL TRAGEDY

39. THE VIETNAM WAR

40. THE MASSIVE BOMBING AND GROUND COMBAT CREATED HUGE NUMBERS OF CIVILIAN CASUALTIES IN VIETNAM. THE MAJORITY KILLED WERE WOMEN AND CHILDREN.

41. VIETNAM: AMERICA’S LONGEST WAR  The U.S paid a huge price for its determination to turn back communism in Indochina. More than 58,000 Americans died in a war that only deepened divisions at home.

42. CONFLICT BETWEEN FRANCE & VIETNAM  The Vietnam War grew out of the long conflict between France and Vietnam.  In July 1954, after one hundred years of colonial rule a defeated France was forced to leave Vietnam.

43. JOHNSON’S WAR  The Tonkin Gulf Resolution  https://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=rd6zKqGcaOM https://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=rd6zKqGcaOM

44. 1968: YEAR OF TURMOIL  1968 proved much more turbulent than previous years.  Many questioned why things had become so violent.  Unrest spread abroad, with riots in Europe, and Latin America and the Cultural Revolution in China.

45. THE GENEVA PEACE ACCORDS  The Geneva Peace Accords, signed by France and Vietnam in the summer of 1954, provided for the temporary partition of Vietnam at the 17th parallel,  In the North, a communist regime, supported by the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China, set up its headquarters in Hanoi under the leadership of Ho Chi Minh.

46. The Vietnam war occurred in Vietnam. Laos and Cambodia during 1959 and 30 April 1975. the war started when communist north Vietnam tried to take over the republic of south Vietnam. It was the longest war America ad ever fought in and it lasted 15 years. North Vietnam wanted to take over South Vietnam. If they succeeded then it’ll be likely that Laos and Cambodia will turn Communist. Laos and Cambodia might’ve turned Communist because they are so vulnerable

47. FOR:- American troops in Vietnam had vastly superior weapons than the Vietcong. American soldiers had machine guns and were supported by tanks and helicopters. They had napalm which was a type of petroleum jelly which burns the skin. The Americans used this to burn down all of the jungles and see where the guerrillas were hiding. Against:- America couldn't find the guerrillas because they were really good at blending inn with everyone. The Americans couldn’t tell if they guerrillas were normally civilians. They were always ready to ambush them. Also the people in south Vietnam would not tell the American troops were the guerrillas were hiding.

48. DEATHS DURING THE WAR

49. THE TET OFFENSIVE BATTLE OF HUE HTTP://CHANNEL.NATIONALGEOGRAPHIC.COM/INSIDE-THE-VIETNAM- WAR/VIDEOS/THE-BATTLE-OF-HUE/ HTTP://CHANNEL.NATIONALGEOGRAPHIC.COM/INSIDE-THE-VIETNAM- WAR/VIDEOS/THE-BATTLE-OF-HUE/  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gw8h4Z091Ik http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gw8h4Z091Ik

51. MY LAI MASSACRE

52. THE EVENT  March 16, 1968  Committed by C Company (Charlie Company)  Military intelligence said the VC were close in this region (They were wrong)  In the months leading up to the event The company is racked by booby traps, snipers and land mines

53. THE MASSACRE HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=RDRPCUUMY-G HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=RDRPCUUMY-G  Company enters My Lai without being fired at  They begin to move through the village killing everyone they see (old men, Women and children)  They mutilate many bodies of the dead and rape the women  At least 500 civilians are killed  U.S. suffers one casualty; a soldier accidentally shot his own foot

55. A GENERATION IN CONFLICT  This so-called sixties generation, the largest generation in American history, brought together SDS activism with music, dress and hairstyles as “flower children” rejected their elders’ authority and formed an increasingly insistent anti-war movement.

56. A GENERATION IN CONFLICT  As the war in Vietnam escalated, Americans from all walks of life protested U.S. involvement. But between 1965 and 1971, a peace movement took shape that had a distinctly generational character.

57. A YOUNG HIPPIE GIRL MAKING A FLOWER OUT OF TISSUE

58. CONSTRUCTION WORKERS SURGED INTO WALL STREET IN LOWER MANHATTAN

59. COUNTER-CULTURE VS. MAINSTREAM

60. These mostly white, middle & upper class- were the mainstream of the population  4 concepts typified Mainstream America:  They were very patriotic (“America: Love it or leave it.”)  They believed in the institution of marriage (You fall in love, you get married.)  They believed in the American Dream (Work hard and you can have a good life)  They believed conformity kept society ordered (fashion, jobs, behavior, etc) MAINSTREAM CULTURE

61.  In the ’60s, group of mostly young, born just after the war began challenging mainstream values  Eventually known as the counter-culture, this movement stressed pursuit of personal freedom & alternative lifestyles, rebellion against conformity & materialism.  Worked to stop racism, war, & poverty  6 ideas typified this movement  Communal living  Experimental Drug Use  Scandalous Fashions  Political Activism  New Music Styles  Sexual liberation/revolution THE COUNTERCULTURE

63.  Many c-c youth moved to city centers like San Fran’s Haight-Ashbury District & NYC’s East Village, but another segment of the c-c left the city altogether & set up communes in isolated places in the mountains of CA or NM  They attempted to live their lives based on cooperation & love, to live in harmony w/ nature, not conquer it COMMUNAL LIVING

64. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NTrVvD0400c

68. Harvard professor Timothy Leary urged people to “tune in, turn on, & drop out”- a phrase that became a motto for c-c members to experiment with drugs to achieve new “states of consciousness”  As drugs grew in popularity, newspapers & schools pointed out the increasing numbers of youth dying from drug overdoses EXPERIMENTAL DRUG USE

69.  By late ’60s, the TV was showing images of long-haired protestors marching against the Vietnam War  Despite what most Americans thought, the antiwar movement was not easily categorized  Some were confrontational- burning the flag, cursing & goading police or Nat Guard troops  Others were interested in making a peace statement- marching in silence, carrying peace signs, placing flowers in the barrels of govt troops to prove their pacifism POLITICAL ACTIVISM

70.  The folk, pop, & rock music of the 1960s also challenged mainstream values.  Bob Dylan’s folk songs, like The Times They Are A-Changin’,  The Beatles sang about a “Revolution” inspiring youth to change their world, while Joni Mitchell sang about preserving nature in Big Yellow Taxi  By late 60s, psychedelic rock was in vogue w/groups like Jefferson Airplane, Jimi Hendrix, & the Doors, Led Zeppelin heavy guitar & explicit sex & drug references  In ’69, these elements all came together at a farm in NY at the Woodstock festival. More than 500K people came together to camp out, take drugs, engage in free love, & listen to rock NEW MUSIC STYLES

72. The Kent State shootings involved the killing of four students and wounding nine others, one of whom suffered permanent paralysis. Some of the students who were shot had been protesting the Cambodian Campaign, which President Richard Nixon announced during a television address on April 30. There was a significant national response to the shootings: hundreds of universities, colleges, and high schools closed throughout the United States due to a student strike of four million students. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ocbz_7RXLRI

73. FIGURE 29.3 PERCENT OF POPULATION BELOW POVERTY LEVEL, BY RACE, 1959–69

74. FIGURE 29.1 COMPARATIVE FIGURES ON LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH BY RACE AND SEX, 1950–70

75. FIGURE 29.2 COMPARATIVE FIGURES ON INFANT MORTALITY BY RACE, 1940–70

76. THE GREAT SOCIETY  The Great Society was opposed to income redistribution.  Most social spending went to the non-poor through Medicare.  A 1970 study concluded the war on poverty had barely scratched the surface.

77. MAP 29.1 URBAN UPRISINGS, 1965–1968

78. MAP 29.2 THE SOUTHEAST ASIAN WAR

79. NIXON’S FOREIGN POLICY  With a policy of détente, Nixon significantly eased Cold War tensions.  Nixon opened relations with the Communist government in China.  Relations with the Soviet Union improved as he negotiated economic agreements and signed the SALT arms control agreement.

80. THE TET OFFENSIVE (CONT'D)  LBJ declared a bombing halt and announced he would not seek reelection.

81. MAP 29.3 THE ELECTION OF 1968

82. AFRICAN AMERICANS SERVED ON THE FRONT LINES IN VIETNAM

83. THE POLITICS OF IDENTITY  Nixon had promised to “bring Americans together again,” but 1960s activism and media attention fueled gay liberation and women’s liberation movements, while young Latinos, Asian Americans, and Indian peoples pressed their own claims, drawing their own lessons from the nationalist movement that formed in the wake of Malcolm X’s death—Black Power.

84. LABOR ACTIVIST CÉSAR CHÁVEZ

85. THIS PHOTOGRAPH SHOWS A CONFRONTATION BETWEEN WASHINGTON METROPOLITAN POLICE AND AN UNIDENTIFIED STUDENT.

86. DOMESTIC POLICY  Despite his conservatism, Nixon:  supported a guaranteed income to replace welfare  imposed a wage and price freeze to hold down inflation  He appealed to conservatives in his opposition to school busing and Supreme Court appointments.

87. NIXON’S WAR  Nixon promised to bring “peace with honor” to Vietnam.  Nixon and National Security Advisor, Henry Kissinger, believed that a military defeat would destroy U.S. global leadership.  Nixon spoke of a phased withdrawal of American troops, but widened the war by invading Cambodia.

88. FIGURE 29.5 U.S. MILITARY FORCES IN VIETNAM AND CASUALTIES, 1961– 81

89. FIGURE 29.6 PUBLIC OPINION ON THE WAR IN VIETNAM

90. DIRTY TRICKS AND THE 1972 ELECTION (CONT'D)  The Nixon reelection committee ran a dirty-tricks campaign to confuse the Democrats, including a break-in at the Democratic headquarters at the Watergate apartment complex.

91. WATERGATE: NIXON’S DOWNFALL  June 1972: A team of burglars was arrested trying to bug the DNC’s Watergate offices.  The White House tried to cover up its Watergate involvement, but two reporters followed the evidence back to the Oval Office.

92. RICHARD NIXON BID A FINAL FAREWELL