1. Native Americans Chapter 2 Chapter 2

2. Lesson 1: Early People I CAN… Identify possible explanations of how people came to live in the Americas. Identify possible explanations of how people came to live in the Americas. Explain how early peoples in the Americas lived, hunted, farmed, and responded to their changing environment. Explain how early peoples in the Americas lived, hunted, farmed, and responded to their changing environment.

3. Focus Question How did civilizations develop in the Americas?

4. Key Vocabulary 1. Ancestor – an early family member 2. Theory – an idea based on study and research. 3. Migration – movement of people. 4. Artifact – objects made by people.

5. Key Vocabulary Con’t. 5. Civilization – a group of people with ways of life, religion, and learning. 6. Tradition – a way of life or an idea that has been handed down from the past. 7. Class – a group of people in society that have something in common. 8. Cultural region – an area in which people share some ways of life.

6. Early People The history of the United States begins with the first people in North America thousands of years ago. The history of the United States begins with the first people in North America thousands of years ago. How did they get here? How did they get here? Scientists are still not sure of the answer after many years of study. Scientists are still not sure of the answer after many years of study. They have some theories. They have some theories.

7. Land Bridge Story One theory is that was once a “bridge” of land between Asia and North America during the Ice Ages. One theory is that was once a “bridge” of land between Asia and North America during the Ice Ages. Scientists call this land bridge Beringia. Scientists call this land bridge Beringia. It was named for the Bering Straight, the body of water that separate Russia from Alaska. It was named for the Bering Straight, the body of water that separate Russia from Alaska. During this time, glaciers covered the Earth, causing the oceans to fall by as much as 350 feet. During this time, glaciers covered the Earth, causing the oceans to fall by as much as 350 feet.

9. Land Bridge Story Con’t. Many scientists believe that about 12,000 years ago, groups of hunters and their families crossed the land bridge from Asia to North America. Many scientists believe that about 12,000 years ago, groups of hunters and their families crossed the land bridge from Asia to North America. This migration probably took place very slowly. This migration probably took place very slowly. Groups may have only moved a few miles in a lifetime. Groups may have only moved a few miles in a lifetime.

10. Other Theories Recent discoveries may suggest that people have been in the Americas much longer than was thought. Recent discoveries may suggest that people have been in the Americas much longer than was thought. Some people may have traveled here by boat. Some people may have traveled here by boat.

11. Native American Origin Stories In ancient times, most people passed on their history by retelling stories. In ancient times, most people passed on their history by retelling stories. They told stories to their children and grandchildren. They told stories to their children and grandchildren. Native Americans believe that their people have always lived in the Americas Native Americans believe that their people have always lived in the Americas

12. Early Ways of Life Early people most likely led a nomadic way of life. Early people most likely led a nomadic way of life. They moved from place to play, living in caves or tents made of animal skins. They moved from place to play, living in caves or tents made of animal skins. They kept moving, following the animals they hunted. They kept moving, following the animals they hunted. Scientist know this because they have found artifacts like spear points and tools near the bones of ancient animals. Scientist know this because they have found artifacts like spear points and tools near the bones of ancient animals.

14. A Changing Way of Life Giant animals once roamed North America. Giant animals once roamed North America. Early people hunted these animals for food, clothing, and tools. Early people hunted these animals for food, clothing, and tools. They also gathered wild foods, such as nuts, plants, and roots. They also gathered wild foods, such as nuts, plants, and roots. These people were called hunters and gatherers. These people were called hunters and gatherers. Slowly, the climate changed, becoming warmer and dryer. Slowly, the climate changed, becoming warmer and dryer.

15. About 8,000 B.C., the giant animals became extinct and people had to find new sources of food. About 8,000 B.C., the giant animals became extinct and people had to find new sources of food. They began to fish and hunt smaller animals. They began to fish and hunt smaller animals. Over time, they made new tools, such as the bow and arrow. Over time, they made new tools, such as the bow and arrow. About 3,000 B.C., some people began planting seeds and growing crops such as corn and beans. About 3,000 B.C., some people began planting seeds and growing crops such as corn and beans. Agriculture gave people a reason to settle in new place. Agriculture gave people a reason to settle in new place. As groups raided more food, the population grew. As groups raided more food, the population grew.

16. Some early people formed what are now called tribes, or groups who shared the same language, land, and leaders. Some early people formed what are now called tribes, or groups who shared the same language, land, and leaders. Each tribe developed its own culture, which made it different from other tribes. Each tribe developed its own culture, which made it different from other tribes.

17. The Olmec and the Maya Over time, groups began to form civilizations. Over time, groups began to form civilizations. With a more settled way of life, some civilizations built large cities that became centers of learning, religion, and government. With a more settled way of life, some civilizations built large cities that became centers of learning, religion, and government. The Olmec civilization was one of the earliest in the Americas. The Olmec civilization was one of the earliest in the Americas. From about 1500 B.C. to A.D. 300, the Olmec ruled most of what is southern Mexico. From about 1500 B.C. to A.D. 300, the Olmec ruled most of what is southern Mexico.

19. Olmec Civilization The oldest Olmec civilization that scientists have discovered is San Lorenzo, which is located near a river. The oldest Olmec civilization that scientists have discovered is San Lorenzo, which is located near a river. The Olmecs used rivers to travel between cities and build a trade system. The Olmecs used rivers to travel between cities and build a trade system. A strong trade system was just one of the achievements of the Olmecs. A strong trade system was just one of the achievements of the Olmecs. They also created systems of writing and counting, which helped them develop a 365-day calendar. They also created systems of writing and counting, which helped them develop a 365-day calendar.

20. Olmec Civilization No one is sure why the Olmec fell from power. No one is sure why the Olmec fell from power. We do know that they influenced many other cultures. We do know that they influenced many other cultures. Some historians call the Olmec the “mother culture” of the Americas. Some historians call the Olmec the “mother culture” of the Americas. This is because many of the Olmec customs were continued in later civilizations. This is because many of the Olmec customs were continued in later civilizations.

21. Olmec Civilization

22. The Mayan Civilization The Mayan civilization was influenced by the Olmec traditions. The Mayan civilization was influenced by the Olmec traditions. Between 300 A.D. and A.D. 900, the Maya ruled much of what is now southern Mexico, Guatemala, and northern Belize. Between 300 A.D. and A.D. 900, the Maya ruled much of what is now southern Mexico, Guatemala, and northern Belize. Like the Olmec, the Maya developed their own writing and number systems to record their history. Like the Olmec, the Maya developed their own writing and number systems to record their history. Their writing system was based on hieroglyphs, or picture symbols. Their writing system was based on hieroglyphs, or picture symbols.

23. Mayan Civilization

24. Hieroglyphs

25. Mayan Culture The Maya were divided into social classes. The Maya were divided into social classes. At the top of Mayan society were the religious leaders, then important families, traders, and farmers. At the top of Mayan society were the religious leaders, then important families, traders, and farmers. Mayan civilizations had no central government but rather powerful kings to rule their more than 100 stone cities. Mayan civilizations had no central government but rather powerful kings to rule their more than 100 stone cities. The largest Mayan stone city was Tikal, which had as many as 100,000 people. The largest Mayan stone city was Tikal, which had as many as 100,000 people.

26. Mayan Culture The city of Copán was a center of art and learning. The city of Copán was a center of art and learning. Scientists are not sure why the Mayan civilization fell. Scientists are not sure why the Mayan civilization fell. Some scientists blame a series of droughts that caused their food supplies to deplete. Some scientists blame a series of droughts that caused their food supplies to deplete. Even after the Mayan fell, their cultural influence continued. Even after the Mayan fell, their cultural influence continued.

27. The Mound Builders This encompassed many Native America societies that build large earth mounds. This encompassed many Native America societies that build large earth mounds. Their cultures, locations, and reasons differ. Their cultures, locations, and reasons differ. The earliest Mound Builders were the Adena, located in the Ohio River Valley from about 1,000 B.C. to A.D. 200. The earliest Mound Builders were the Adena, located in the Ohio River Valley from about 1,000 B.C. to A.D. 200. The Adena mounds were used for burials. The Adena mounds were used for burials.

28. Mound Builders Con’t. The largest Mound Building civilization was the Mississippian. The largest Mound Building civilization was the Mississippian. It began in the Mississippi River valley in about A.D. 700. It began in the Mississippi River valley in about A.D. 700. Two of the larges Mississippian cities were Spiro (Oklahoma) and Cahokia (Illinois). Two of the larges Mississippian cities were Spiro (Oklahoma) and Cahokia (Illinois).

29. Mound Builders

30. Ancient Puebloans The Puebloans were first people to settle in the Four Corners (Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico). The Puebloans were first people to settle in the Four Corners (Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico). They lived in house with many levels. They lived in house with many levels. They were often built against canyon walls or in caves. They were often built against canyon walls or in caves. The Spanish called these house a pueblo, or “village”. The Spanish called these house a pueblo, or “village”.

31. Ancient Puebloan Village

32. Lesson 2: The Eastern Woodlands I CAN… Describe how the Eastern Woodlands people adapted to their environment. Describe how the Eastern Woodlands people adapted to their environment. Locate the Eastern Woodlands cultural area and compare life ways among its inhabitants. Locate the Eastern Woodlands cultural area and compare life ways among its inhabitants.

33. Focus Question: How did the geography and climate of the Eastern Woodlands affect the Native Americans there?

34. Key Vocabulary 1. Division of Labor – dividing the work up so everything gets completed. 2. Palisade – walls made of tall wooden poles used for protection. 3. Longhouse – long, wooden buildings that could hold up to 50 people. 4. Wampum– beads cut from seashells used to make beaded designs to show important decisions, events, or stories.

35. Key Vocabulary Con’t. 5. Confederation – a loose group of governments working together. 6. Wigwam – round, bark covered shelters.

36. Eastern Woodlands

37. Life in the Eastern Woodlands The Eastern Woodlands cultural region stretched east of the Mississippi River. The region has thick forests. The people of the Eastern Woodlands built their villages along the banks of the rivers and streams that flowed through the forests. Trees were the most important natural resource. They used trees to make canoes, shelters, tools, weapons, and food such as cherries and plums.

38. Division of Labor The Eastern Woodlands people were farmers as well as hunters and gatherers. Jobs were divided between men and women. This division of labor made it possible for people to produce more goods. MenWomen Hunted animals for food Prepared the foods Made tools from antlers & bones Used animal skins to make clothing & moccasins Fished using spears & nets Cared for the home

39. Southern Areas of the Eastern Woodlands In this area, the soil and climate were better for farming. The people in this area grew corn, beans, squash, and other plants. Usually, men cleared the land for planting and women and children did the planting and the harvesting of crops.

40. The Iroquois These people spoke Iroquoian. Divided into 5 tribes: Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and the Seneca, known as the 5 Nations. They lived near the Great Lakes, in what is now Pennsylvania, New York, and Canada. They farmed and lived in villages on top of steep hills. To protect against enemies, the Iroquois build palisades, or walls of tall wooden poles, around their villages.

41. Palisades

42. Iroquois They lived in shelters called longhouses, which were long wooden buildings that could hold up to 50 people. They were made by cutting poles from small trees, bending them, and then covering them with bard. Each longhouse was divided into sections and each section was home to one or two families. The Iroquois grew three main crops near their villages – corn, beans, and squash (The 3 Sisters) After an area had been farmed for many years and the soil became less fertile, the Iroquois would start farming a new land.

43. Longhouse

44. Wampum Wampum were beads cut from seashells. They were used to make beaded designs that showed important decisions, events, or stories. They were traded in exchange for goods.

45. The Iroquois League The Five Nations often battled each other over control of hunting areas. An Iroquois hunter named Hiawatha was said to have seen his family killed by another group. By tradition, he was expected to kill those who had killed his family, however he wanted the fighting to stop. Hiawatha left his village and met up with a man named Deganwida, also known as the Peacemaker. Eventually, the two men persuaded the Five Nations to unite and work together as a group.

46. Iroquois League Con’t. The group that formed about A.D. 1570 was called the Iroquois League. It acted as a confederation, or a loose group of governments working together. Members from each of the five tribes were sent to speak for their group. They joined the Grand Council, which the league set up to settle disputes among the people peacefully.

47. The Algonquin Among the Algonquin groups were the Delaware, the Wampanoag, the Powhatan, the Ottawa, the Chippewa, and the Miami. They lived on the Coastal Plain and around the Great Lakes. They spoke Algonquian. Most groups had somewhere between 1 and 20 villages. Some built longhouses like the Iroquois.

48. The Algonquin Others built round, bark covered shelters called wigwams. Apart from their shape, wigwams were made much in the same was as longhouses. The trunks of small trees were bent, tied together into a dome shape, and then covered with bark.

49. Wigwam

50. Algonquin Life ways The Algonquin who lived near the coast did not rely on their crops for food as much as their Iroquois neighbors. The Algonquin who lived near the coast did not rely on their crops for food as much as their Iroquois neighbors. They built canoes to fish in the rivers and along the coast because fish was an important food source. They built canoes to fish in the rivers and along the coast because fish was an important food source. They used animal bones and wood to make hooks and fishing traps. They used animal bones and wood to make hooks and fishing traps. They made clothing mostly from deerskin, which would keep them warm during cold winters. They made clothing mostly from deerskin, which would keep them warm during cold winters. Men wore shirts, leggings, and moccasins while the women wore dresses. Men wore shirts, leggings, and moccasins while the women wore dresses.

51. Government & Customs Many Algonquin groups had leaders who governed more than one village. Many Algonquin groups had leaders who governed more than one village. Some groups had two chiefs, one to rule on matters of peace and the other to rule on matters of war. Some groups had two chiefs, one to rule on matters of peace and the other to rule on matters of war. Marriage ceremonies were alike in all of the groups. Marriage ceremonies were alike in all of the groups. If a man wanted to marry a woman, he had to show her he was a good hunter. If a man wanted to marry a woman, he had to show her he was a good hunter. If a woman wanted to marry a man, she would show him she was a good homemaker. If a woman wanted to marry a man, she would show him she was a good homemaker. When a couple married, they usually exchanged gifts and invited their families to a feast. When a couple married, they usually exchanged gifts and invited their families to a feast.

52. Lesson 3: The Plains I CAN… Describe how the Plains people adapted to their environment. Describe how the Plains people adapted to their environment. Compare & contrast the ways of life of different Plains groups. Compare & contrast the ways of life of different Plains groups.

53. Focus Question How did the geography & climate of the Plains affect the Native Americans there?

54. Key Vocabulary 1. Lodge – a large round earthen house, home to several families. 2. Sod– a layer of soil held together by roots and grasses. 3. Scarce – short in supply. 4. Tepee – a cone-shaped tent used for shelter.

55. Key Vocabulary 5. Travois – a wooden carrier made of two poles tied together. 6. Council – a group of leaders who meet to make decisions. 7.Ceremony – a celebration to honor a cultural or religious event.

56. Life on the Plains The Plains people lived on the Interior Plains between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains. The Plains people lived on the Interior Plains between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains. After water, the buffalo were the Plains’ most important natural resource. After water, the buffalo were the Plains’ most important natural resource. Buffalo were the main source of food for all of the Native American groups who lived on the Plains. Buffalo were the main source of food for all of the Native American groups who lived on the Plains. The meat could be eaten raw or cooked. The meat could be eaten raw or cooked. It could also be mixed with fat and berries to make pemmican, a dried meat that could be stored. It could also be mixed with fat and berries to make pemmican, a dried meat that could be stored.

57. Native American Regions

58. Buffalo The buffalo gave the Plains groups what they needed to make clothing, tools, utensils, and shelters. The buffalo gave the Plains groups what they needed to make clothing, tools, utensils, and shelters. The people used almost every part of the buffalo. The people used almost every part of the buffalo. They made clothing and moccasins from the skins. They made clothing and moccasins from the skins. They carried water in bags made from the stomachs. They carried water in bags made from the stomachs. They twisted the hair into cord, and made tools from the bones, and horns. They twisted the hair into cord, and made tools from the bones, and horns. Even the hooves were used to make glue. Even the hooves were used to make glue. Nothing was wasted. Nothing was wasted.

59. Native American Uses of the Buffalo

60. Farmers & Hunters While all of the groups needed the buffalo & shared several customs, there were differences among the Plains people. While all of the groups needed the buffalo & shared several customs, there were differences among the Plains people. Their ways of life depended on where they lived. Their ways of life depended on where they lived. Some plains groups lived in the eastern part of the Plains, or the Central Plains. Some plains groups lived in the eastern part of the Plains, or the Central Plains. The Iowa & the Missouri lived here, as did the Sioux groups. The Iowa & the Missouri lived here, as did the Sioux groups. These groups were hunters, gatherers, and farmers. These groups were hunters, gatherers, and farmers.

61. They farmed in the fertile valleys if the Missouri River and the Platte River. They farmed in the fertile valleys if the Missouri River and the Platte River. They grew beans, corn, and sunflowers. They grew beans, corn, and sunflowers. They traded their crops for other goods. They traded their crops for other goods. These Central Plains people lived in villages made up of large round earthen lodges. These Central Plains people lived in villages made up of large round earthen lodges. Each lodge was home to several families. Each lodge was home to several families. Each lodge was built over a small pit with a fireplace. Each lodge was built over a small pit with a fireplace. They were covered with sod. They were covered with sod.

62. A Nomadic Society The Cheyenne lived in the western part of the Interior Plains, called the Great Plains. The Cheyenne lived in the western part of the Interior Plains, called the Great Plains. They moved from place to place following herds of buffalo. They moved from place to place following herds of buffalo. They did not farm the dry grasslands where they lived because the land was too hard. They did not farm the dry grasslands where they lived because the land was too hard. They built shelters called a tepees. They built shelters called a tepees. Wooden poles were set in a circle and tied together at the top. They were then covered with buffalo skins. Wooden poles were set in a circle and tied together at the top. They were then covered with buffalo skins. A hole at the top let out smoke from the fire. A hole at the top let out smoke from the fire.

63. Travois They also used the wooden poles to make a carrier called a travois. They also used the wooden poles to make a carrier called a travois. A travois was made of two poles tied together at one end and then fastened to a harness on a dog. A travois was made of two poles tied together at one end and then fastened to a harness on a dog. Goods were carried on a buffalo skin tied between the poles. Goods were carried on a buffalo skin tied between the poles.

64. Tepee Travois

65. Government in the Plains The Plains groups had different customs and kinds of government. The Plains groups had different customs and kinds of government. The Lakota people (Sioux) were made up of seven nomadic groups, each group made its own choices. The Lakota people (Sioux) were made up of seven nomadic groups, each group made its own choices. However, belonging to the larger Lakota group meant that they had to respect each other’s hunting areas and live in peace. However, belonging to the larger Lakota group meant that they had to respect each other’s hunting areas and live in peace. The Cheyenne governed differently. The Cheyenne governed differently. There were ten groups that were independent but sent leaders to meet in a council of chiefs. There were ten groups that were independent but sent leaders to meet in a council of chiefs. All of the groups had to follow the councils decision. All of the groups had to follow the councils decision. No one person was more important that another. No one person was more important that another. Any man could become a chief. Any man could become a chief.