1. Splash Screen

2. 2 Chapter Overview 2 Socialization Summary of Topics The Importance of Socialization Socialization and Self Agents of Socialization Processes of Socialization

3. 3 Chapter 3 The Importance of Socialization Socialization is the cultural process of learning to participate in group life. Without it, we would not develop many of the characteristics we associate with being human.

4. 4 Chapter 4 Socialization and Personality Socialization begins at birth and continues throughout life. Successful socialization enables people to fit into all kinds of social groups. The most important learning occurs early in life. Studies show that without prolonged and intensive social contact, children do not learn such basics as walking, talking, and loving. Without socialization, a human infant cannot develop the set of attitudes, beliefs, values, and behaviors associated with being an individual.

5. 5 Chapter 5 How do we know socialization is important? Experiments and nonexperimental evidence Psychologist Harry Harlow devised a famous experiment that showed the negative effects of social isolation on rhesus monkeys. Harlow showed that infant monkeys need intimacy, warmth, physical contact, and comfort. Infant monkeys raised in isolation became distressed, apathetic, withdrawn, hostile adult animals.

6. 6 Chapter 6 Lawrence Casler’s Study Human babies denied close contact usually have difficulty forming emotional ties with others. The developmental growth rate of institutionalized children who receive less physical contact than normal, can be improved with only twenty minutes of extra touching a day.

7. 7 What can we learn from these experiments and nonexperimental evidences? The personal and social development associated with being human is acquired through intensive and prolonged social contact with others.

8. 8 Chapter 8 Socialization and the Self All three theoretical perspectives agree that socialization is needed if cultural and societal values are to be learned. Functionalism stresses the ways in which groups work together to create a stable society. The conflict perspective views socialization as a way of perpetuating the status quo. According to symbolic interactionism, the self- concept is developed by using other people as mirrors for learning about ourselves. –self-concept –looking-glass self –significant others –role taking –generalized other

9. 9 The Internet Functionalism: Allows information to be transmitted rapidly Conflict Theory: People like Bill Gates have become extremely powerful as a result of technology AND, internet use is related to income level…THUS perpetuating inequality. Symbolic Interactionism: Your children are exposed to more information and have the ability to communicate with larger circles of people.

10. 10 Chapter 9 Your self-concept is your image of yourself as having an identity separate from other people. The looking-glass self (Cooley, 1902) is an image of your self based on what you believe others think of you. 1.we imagine how we appear to others 2. we imagine the reaction of others to our appearance 3.we evaluate ourselves according to how we IMAGINE others have judge us. Symbolic Interactionism and Socialization

11. 11 Chapter 9 Symbolic Interactionism and Socialization Role taking allows us to see ourselves through the eyes of someone else. A generalized other is an integrated conception of the norms, values, and beliefs of one’s community or society.

12. 12 What is the looking-glass self? The “looking-glass self” is a self-concept based on our idea of others’ judgments of us. What are the consequences of having a distorted looking glass? Having a distorted looking glass (incorrectly imagining others’ opinions of us) can cause bad feelings, or a negative self-image.

13. 13 Role taking (Mead) allows us to see ourselves through the eyes of someone else. Three stage process… 1.Imitation stage (1 1/2 -2)Imitate without understanding 2.Play stage (3-4) children act in ways they imagine other people would 3.Game stage (4-up) children anticipate the actions of others based on social rules

14. 14 Significant others are those people whose judgments are most important to our self concepts A generalized other is an integrated conception of the norms, values, and beliefs of one’s community or society. According to Mead, “self” is made up of… 1.”me” the part of the self formed through socialization 2. “I” the part of the self that accounts for the unlearned, spontaneous acts.

15. 15 “I” is myself as I am. “ME” is myself as others see me. Genie didn’t have a concept of “me” because she had never been socialized to understand how others might see her or how she might understand others. She only had a concept of “I”. She was like a little baby, egocentric, with no concept beyond her own needs.

16. 16 “ No one can make you feel inferior without your consent.” Eleanor Roosevelt Example of Looking-glass self

17. 17 Agents of Socialization family school peer group mass media During childhood and adolescence, the major agents of socialization are:

18. 18 FAMILY PEERS MASS MEDIA SCHOOL

19. 19 think and speak internalize norms, beliefs, and values form some basic attitudes develop a capacity for intimate and personal relationships acquire a self-image (Handel, 1990) The Family and Socialization The family’s role is critical in forming basic values. Within the family, essential developments occur. The child learns to: “How has my family socialized me?”

20. 20 Does divorce during adolescence have a harmful effect on the development of the teenager in question?

21. 21 Chapter 13 Socialization in Schools In school, for the first time, many of the child’s relationships with other people are impersonal. Rewards and punishments are based on performance rather than affection. A teacher evaluates her students by more objective standards than a mother. Children are taught to be less dependent emotionally on their parents. The school also creates feelings of loyalty and allegiance to something beyond the family. Underlying the formal goals of the school is the hidden curriculum. hidden curriculum

22. 22 Socialization in Schools In school, for the first time, many of the child’s relationships with other people are impersonal. Rewards and punishments are based on performance rather than affection. A teacher evaluates her students by more objective standards than a mother. Children are taught to be less dependent emotionally on their parents. The school also creates feelings of loyalty and allegiance to something beyond the family. Underlying the formal goals of the school is the hidden curriculum. the informed and unofficial aspects of culture that children are taught in preparation for life

23. 23 Hidden Curriculum List specific actions that support the hidden curriculum. Being to school on time Sitting quietly Respecting your teacher Being neat Completing assignments

24. 24 Hidden Curriculum Will these types of activities prepare a student for a position that requires obedience and following orders or a leadership position? Does following the hidden curriculum come at the expense of innovation, creativity, or leadership skills? “ Conflict perspective”

25. 25 Peer Group Socialization A child’s peer group–composed of individuals of roughly the same age and interests–is the only agency of socialization that is not controlled primarily by adults. Young people have an opportunity to engage in give-and-take relationships. Children experience conflict, competition, and cooperation. Children also gain experience in self-direction. Peer groups give children a chance to begin to make their own decisions, experiment with new ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving.

26. 26 Some psychologists believe that peer groups have more influence on later socialization than the family group. Read Pg. 126 “Sociology Today” and answer the question on a half sheet of paper. Peer discipline committees.

27. 27 The Mass Media and Socialization Mass media are means of communication designed to reach the general population. They include television, radio, newspapers, magazines, movies, books, the Internet, tapes, and discs. It is often through the mass media that children are introduced to numerous aspects of their culture (Fishman and Cavender, 1998).

28. 28 Why does the family have such strong influence on a child’s socialization? Being in a family provides a child’s first exposure to the world, where he learns to think and speak; internalize norms, beliefs, and values; form basic attitudes; develop a capacity for intimate and personal relationships; and acquire a self-image.

29. 29 Processes of Socialization Symbolic interactionism views socialization as a lifelong process. Desocialization is the process of having to give up old norms. Desocialization Resocialization begins as people adopt new norms and values. Resocialization Anticipatory socialization and reference groups are concerned with voluntary change as when moving from one life stage to another. Anticipatory socializationreference groups

30. 30 Desocialization Desocialization is the process of having to give up old norms. In institutions, replacing personal possessions with standard-issue items promotes sameness among the residents. The use of serial numbers to identify people and the loss of privacy also contribute to the breakdown of past identity. (Prisions) Cult members may even be denied use of their given names.

31. 31 Resocialization Resocialization begins as people adopt new norms and values. In institutions, they attempt to give residents new self-concepts using an elaborate system of rewards and punishments. Though developed to analyze social processes in extreme situations, the concepts of desocialization and resocialization still apply to other social settings. Desocialization and resocialization occur as a child becomes a teenager, when young adults begin careers, and as the elderly move into retirement or widowhood.

32. 32 Anticipatory Socialization and Reference Groups Anticipatory socialization and reference groups are concerned with voluntary change as when moving from one life stage to another. Anticipatory socialization may occur in people who are moving from one stage in their lives to another. Examples–teenagers and seniors in college

33. 33 Identify the following actions as desocialization (D), resocialization (R), or anticipatory socialization (A). ___ a. First-year students acquire a new identity during their freshman year at a military academy. ___ b. Prison personnel deliberately attempt to destroy the self-concepts of inmates. ___ c. High school seniors identify with college students. R D A

34. 34 Do prisons in the United States do their job of De-socializing and Re-socializing? List ways you believe would help in obtaining the ultimate goal of re-socializing criminals so they can positively exist in society upon their release.

35. 35 Chapter Summary Socialization is the cultural process of learning to participate in group life. Deprivation of intensive and prolonged social contact has been shown to stunt emotional and social growth. According to symbolic interactionism, the self-concept is developed by using other people as mirrors for learning about ourselves. During childhood and adolescence, the major agents of socialization are the family, school, peer group, and mass media. Processes of socialization include: desocialization, resocialization, and anticipatory socialization.