1. “Aquaculture in the Reform of the Common Fisheries Policy” March 7 th 2012, European Parliament, Brussels « FIFO » and Carbon Footprint Sadasivam J. Kaushik INRA, UR 1067 « Nutrition, Metabolism & Aquaculture» 64310 St-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France kaushik@st-pee.inra.fr Aquaculture in the Reform of the CFP

2. “Aquaculture in the Reform of the Common Fisheries Policy” March 7 th 2012, European Parliament, Brussels Fishmeal (FM) and fish oil (FO) production Raw materials Whole fish caught by dedicated feed fishing fleets 17-18 Million tons Trimmings and rejects from food fish 5-6 Million tons Total raw material 22-23 Million tons Production Fishmeal about 5-6 Million tons Fish oil < 1 Million tons

3. “Aquaculture in the Reform of the Common Fisheries Policy” March 7 th 2012, European Parliament, Brussels FM use in aquaculture Asia (China) : > 3 M tons (pigs, poultry & aquaculture) Europe: ~ 800 000 T (aqua) Americas: ~ 600 000 T (aqua) Others: ~ 950 000 T Fish meal use in aquafeeds Shrimp 28% Marine fish 21% Salmonids 27% Carps 15% Other FW fish 9% Fish oil use in aquafeeds Other FW fish 4% Carps 6% Shrimp 9% Marine fish 14% Salmonids 67% Fish oil use in aquafeeds Other FW fish 4% Carps 6% Shrimp 9% Marine fish 14% Salmonids 67% FO use in aquaculture Much progress made in substitution with alternative oils (veg / marine / terrestrial) Increasing demand for direct human use

4. “Aquaculture in the Reform of the Common Fisheries Policy” March 7 th 2012, European Parliament, Brussels FIFO* * an acronym for First In, First Out, an abstraction related to ways of organizing and manipulation of data relative to time and prioritization. (Wikipedia, Webster…) Fish-In Fish-Out – Quantity of « wild » fish needed for feeds / Quantity of farmed fish produced – Increased use of trimmings / rejects from « food » fish in the feeds – With high feed and protein conversion efficiencies, European Aquaculture is efficient in converting « marine » proteins and oils into high quality human seafood

5. “Aquaculture in the Reform of the Common Fisheries Policy” March 7 th 2012, European Parliament, Brussels Fish-In Fish-Out (FIFO) Ratios Yield from dedicated feed grade fisheries is variable, depending on species, season… FM : 20 to 25%; FO : 5 to 12% In feeds when both FM & FO are used, we have to recognise that for each unit of FO, there is also FM available, usable for other feeds Should recognise that – Food fish co-products, trimmings etc which are recovered and converted to FM & FO are also used in variable quantities – Aquaculture co-products (meals & oils) are also used Very much dependent on the feed utilisation efficiency

6. “Aquaculture in the Reform of the Common Fisheries Policy” March 7 th 2012, European Parliament, Brussels Salmonids: Production has increased significantly Feed efficiency has improved significantly

7. “Aquaculture in the Reform of the Common Fisheries Policy” March 7 th 2012, European Parliament, Brussels Reduction of FM & FO in feeds for salmonids already under way EU Research initiatives PEPPA, RAFOA, Aquamax … have contributed towards this

8. Level in feed, %F0 yield, %*Ref Fish MealFish OilFGR1285 39291.33.04.77.5RAFOA 56280.92.13.25.0Aquamax 1290.90.61.01.6Aquamax 18311.23.14.77.4Industry 1861.20.9 1.5Industry Reduction in « FIFO » Example: Atlantic salmon Assumptions : FM yield = 20% All FM is based on « feed-grade » fisheries

9. “Aquaculture in the Reform of the Common Fisheries Policy” March 7 th 2012, European Parliament, Brussels Why not« PIPO » Plants-In-Pisces- Out? SpeciesMarine ingrédients Terrestrial Plant sources Others Atlantic salmon23761 Rainbow trout10837 Seabream25656 Carps982 Increasing use of plant proteins and oils already under way Instead of reasoning in terms of input-output ratio of “ingredients and produce”, we should reason in terms of nutrients supplied and withdrawn as human food. Here aquaculture is clearly a very efficient animal production sector.

10. “Aquaculture in the Reform of the Common Fisheries Policy” March 7 th 2012, European Parliament, Brussels Carbon foot print (CFP?) Range of values for different food products Food productkg C0 2 /kg edible product Beef16 -40 Milk0.8-1.4 Pork3-6 Chicken1.5-7 Salmon1.8-3.3 … “there can be considerable variation between different data sources on the emissions”… (Plassman et al. 2010) Choose the right yardstick Data for terrestrial animals : Sonnesson et al. 2009 Salmon: Pelletier et al. 2009

11. “Aquaculture in the Reform of the Common Fisheries Policy” March 7 th 2012, European Parliament, Brussels Feeds: ingredients contribute the most to the CFP At the farm level, feed and water use contribute most to the CFP Feed:Gain Feed:Water use Papatryphon et al. 2004 Carbon foot print…

12. “Aquaculture in the Reform of the Common Fisheries Policy” March 7 th 2012, European Parliament, Brussels More than Carbon foot print (CFP), Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) Compared to a feed with FM & FO, use of plant proteins & oils in the feeds reduces NPPU, does not much affect the GWP, has other impacts such as increased land & water use…

13. “Aquaculture in the Reform of the Common Fisheries Policy” March 7 th 2012, European Parliament, Brussels