1. Chapter 2 The Contemporary Image of Professional Nursing
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2. Images of Nursing Magazines Television Movies Statues
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3. The Nursing Shortage
Employment rate projected to increase by 22%; projected to grow faster than all occupations until 2010
By 2025 the U.S. is projected to need 260,000 more RNs than will be available
Number of foreign graduates is small
Strategies to entice retired nurses back into practice will produce little, because 84.8% of licensed nurses are in practice
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4. The Nursing Shortage (cont'd)
Nurse Reinvestment Act funded at $20 million was signed into law August 2002
Nursing scholarships
Public service announcements
Faculty loan cancellation programs
Geriatric training grants
Nurse retention and enhancement grants
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5. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (2010)
Increased student loan amounts
Provided $50 million/year to fund nurse managed health centers
Funded gerontology nursing fellowship programs
Provided up to $40,000 in educational loan repayment for nurse faculty and $80,000 for doctorally prepared nurse faculty
Strengthened Title VIII advanced nursing education grants
Graduate nursing demonstration grants to hospitals providing clinical training for Advanced Practiced Nurses
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6. Nursing in Art and Literature
Antiquity’s image of nursing
Literature
Earliest references to nursing are in the Bible and chronicle the action of two nurse midwives in approximately 1900 bc
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7. Nursing in Art and Literature (cont'd)
Victorian image of nursing
Literature
Charles Dickens’ portrayal of Sairey Gamp, the drunken, physically unkempt, and uncaring nurse who used nursing to profit from the sick and dying
Henry Longfellow’s portrayal of Florence Nightingale as heroine
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8. Nursing in Art and Literature (cont'd)
Florence Nightingale
Created a positive image for nursing
Her success in improving the health of British soldiers against overwhelming medical obstacles was the beginning of modern nursing
One of the early users of statistics; developed the pie chart
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9. Nursing in Art and Literature (cont'd)
Early 20th century nursing
Art: opportunities offered to nurses by war captured the attention of artists and portrayed nurses as dedicated, heroic, and caring
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10. Nursing in Art and Literature (cont'd)
The 1930s: the nurse as angel of mercy
Media images and art: radio programs, movies, and sculpture portrayed nurses as dedicated, intelligent, brave, and compassionate, and portrayed nursing as a holy vocation
In 1936, Warner Brothers’ movie The White Angel chronicled the professional life of Nightingale; it was endorsed by ANA in 1992
In 1938 a tall, white, imposing statue, the Spirit of Nursing was placed in Arlington National cemetery to honor military nurses
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11. 1. While one is visiting Arlington National Cemetery, a large limestone statue, the Spirit of Nursing, can be seen. This statue honors: A. Florence Nightingale’s accomplishments in public health. B. Nurse Rivers, who advocated for victims of the Tuskegee experiment. C. Clara Maass, who found the cure for yellow fever during World War II. D. All military nurses for their bravery and compassion.
ANS: D
Rationale: D is correct because the Spirit of Nursing statue was placed in Arlington National Cemetery to honor all military nurses. A is incorrect because the Spirit of Nursing statue pays tribute to all nurses who have served in the military, and although Florence Nightingale provided care to the soldiers in the Crimean War, she did not actually serve in the military. B is incorrect because although Nurse Rivers advocated in the end for participants in the study, she followed orders, and it is questioned whether she thought an unethical situation had occurred. C is incorrect because Clara Maas did indeed die of yellow fever, and she has been honored with a postal stamp.
Level of Difficulty: Comprehension
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12. Nursing in Art and Literature (cont'd)
The 1940s: nurse as heroine
Nurses were commemorated as war heroes through movies, stamps, and the naming of a U.S. Navy destroyer for a Navy nurse, the USS Higbee
After significant contributions during WW II, nurses found low salaries and poor working conditions at home
Glamorized in romance novels such as Cherry Ames and Sue Barton series
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13. Nursing in Art and Literature (cont'd)
Nursing in the antiestablishment era of the 1960s
Media images and art
Television shows: nurse as a background figure to physicians
Movies: nurse as a power figure who cruelly punished patients
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14. Nursing in Art and Literature (cont'd)
In reality, nurses were making significant contributions to health care
Served at the forefront of public health initiatives
Central figures in the development of coronary care units and the performance of hemodialysis
First nurse practitioner programs began
A U.S. Bureau of Labor study indicated that salaries of nurses were woefully inadequate in comparison with other, far less trained American workers
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15. Nursing in Art and Literature (cont'd)
Nursing in the sexual revolution of the 1970s
Media portrayed nurses negatively—uncaring nurse in M*A*S*H
One positive image was the commemorative stamp of Clara Maass, who died after deliberately obtaining two carrier mosquito bites so she could continue providing care to soldiers with yellow fever during the Spanish-American War
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16. Nursing in Art and Literature (cont'd)
Nursing in the 1980s and 1990s
Media images
Movies portrayed nurses as nonjudgmental, caring, knowledgeable, and heroic—Miss Evers’ Boys, The English Patient, Love and War, Paradise Road
Artistic portrayals of nursing focused on caring
Advertisements portrayed nurses as sex objects
Vietnam War Women’s Memorial
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17. Nursing in Art and Literature (cont'd)
Millennial media
The image of men in nursing
Usually absent in the media
Movies and television: Meet the Parents, ER, Grey’s Anatomy, Scrubs, House, HawthoRNe
Media campaigns for nursing
Sigma Theta Tau International (STTI) study of 20,000 articles published in newspapers, magazines, and other health care publications (1998) indicated that nurses were cited only 4%
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18. Nursing’s Response NSNA Image of Nursing Program
Center for Nursing Advocacy
Nurses for a Healthier Tomorrow
Campaign for Nursing’s Future—Johnson and Johnson; $30 million
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19. 2. What company invested 30 million dollars in a campaign to reduce the nursing shortage?
A. Pfizer
B. Merck
C. Johnson and Johnson
D. Kellogg
ANS: C
Rationale: Answer C is correct because the Johnson and Johnson company invested 30 million dollars in a media campaign to increase awareness of nursing as a desirable rewarding career choice. Answer B is incorrect because Merck is a pharmaceutical company that has not been involved in a campaign to promote nursing as a career. Answer D is incorrect because Kellogg is a cereal company that has not been involved in a campaign to promote nursing as a career.
Level of Difficulty: Knowledge
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20. Nursing’s Response (cont'd)
Nurses of America Campaign: A 1990 campaign implemented by the Tri-Council with funding from the Pew Foundation, which was designed to:
Convey to the public that nurses are expert practitioners who are able to interpret technical data and coordinate and negotiate health care
Make nurses aware of the invisibility of nursing in the news media
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21. The Enduring Public Concern with Nursing
What the public believes about nursing:
Gallup Polls ranked nurses first for having honesty and ethics
2001 World Trade Center attacks resulted in the public viewing firemen and nurses as heroes
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22. The Reality of the Contemporary Staff Nurse
Modern health care institutions exist to deliver nursing care
The public highly values the profession
Nursing’s heroic and noble public image is etched in stone, glass, and canvas
Nurses have a high sense of satisfaction with their profession
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23. The Reality of the Contemporary Staff Nurse (cont'd)
Graduates are entering the profession at younger ages
More than half of nurses practice in a hospital
40% of all health care professionals are RNs
American Assembly of Men in Nursing is dedicated to positively influencing factors that affect men in nursing
In a female-dominated profession, 41.1% of CRNAs are male
Ethnic nurses are most likely to attain graduate degrees
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24. Creating the Image of the 21st Century
Nursing is knowledge work
Failure to rescue data documents human and financial loss when nursing judgment is not available
Improving the RN/LPN skill mix and increasing RN hours decreases adverse outcomes
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25. Changing Nurse-Physician Interactions
Understanding the mysteries of medicine
In exchange for hospital privileges, physicians agree to abide by a set of medical staff bylaws that include a disciplinary process
Nurses who work with a physician whose practice is substandard may wrongly believe that the problem is a nursing problem; in reality, the problem must be addressed through medical staff bylaws
Communication is an ongoing problem for nurses and physicians; both disciplines need to be respectful of these issues
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26. Why Is This Happening? The look of nursing
Nurses engage in numerous self-sabotage activities
Inappropriate dress
Inking and tattoos
Deferential positioning in meetings and during collaborative activities
Wearing nursing uniforms in public places
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27. Creating a New Image On a positive note:
Nurses should tell everyone what nurses do well and should keep disagreements in-house
Nurses should think carefully before disagreeing with each other and should conserve energy for important issues
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28. Creating a New Image (cont'd)
Value nursing; project it daily
Nurses should take themselves seriously and dress the part
Recognize the benefit of membership in the American Nurses Association, Sigma Theta Tau International, National League for Nursing, and specialty organizations
Portray the profession positively
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29. Creating a New Image (cont'd)
Be highly visible to patients, families, and physicians
Make negative comments only to other colleagues
Be active in professional organizations
Recognize the value of nursing’s contributions
Value caring, health promotion, and health teaching
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