1. Chapter 15.1 Genetic Engineering Selective Breeding

2. Biotechnology Biotechnology- manipulating the genetic makeup of an organism Selective breeding Use of Mutations

3. Selective breeding Allowing only those organisms with desired traits reproduce to form the next generation Hybridization – crossing dissimilar organisms to bring out the best in both –Offspring tend to be hardier than the parents –Disease resistance with food-producing capacity Inbreeding – breeding organisms with similar characteristics –Dog breeds –Increased likelihood that a genetic defect will result because recessive alleles will likely come together

4. Hybridization – crossing two related species – sometimes offspring are unable to reproduce Mule – male donkey and female horse Henny – male horse and female donkey

6. Cross Breeding – related species

7. Dog Breeds – an example of inbreeding

8. Selective breeding can lead to health problems in dogs Eye infections Skin infections Bone disorders Inability to cool off (large breeds) Inability to stay warm (small breeds)

10. Variation Increase variation in a population by introducing a mutation –Bacterial mutations Exposing bacteria to a mutagenic agent in the hopes that a useful mutant will result (ones that might be able to clean up toxic waste) –Polyploid Plants Plants with more than the diploid number of chromosomes – larger and stronger plants

11. Chapter 15.2 Recombinant DNA

12. Changing DNA Recombinant DNA technology is the joining together of DNA from 2 or more sources into one organism that would not ordinarily have this DNA as part if its genome. This allows the genetic composition of the organism to be changed – or “recombined”.

13. Recombinant DNA in Fish When the growth-hormone gene from a Chinook salmon, the largest Pacific salmon species, and a "promoter" gene from an Ocean Pout are added to the Atlantic Salmon. The promoter gene keeps the fish's cells making growth hormone around the clock. the largest Pacific salmon species The result is an Atlantic salmon that reaches its mature size in 16 – 18 months instead of the normal 30 – 36 months.

14. Comparison of Salmon Species Ocean Pout which gives the promoter gene: Chinook Salmon grows to about 125 pounds Atlantic Salmon grow to about 22 pounds.

15. Genetically Modified Salmon compared to Non-genetically Modified Salmon Can you tell which is which?

16. Use of Bacteria in Recombinant DNA Technology Bacteria contain small, circular portions of DNA in addition to their chromosomes. These are called Plasmids. Plasmids are used in recombinant DNA studies

17. Plasmid DNA Transformation Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences producing “sticky ends” – when both the target DNA and the plasmid are cut with the same enzyme they will match up –In this way human DNA can be inserted into a bacterial plasmid forming recombinant DNA –The bacteria produce the protein coded for by the human gene –When bacteria divide, more of the human gene is produced

18. How does “ligase” differ from “restriction enzymes”?

19. Simulation http://www.abpischools.org.uk/page/modul es/diabetes/diabetes6.cfm?coSiteNavigati on_allTopic=1http://www.abpischools.org.uk/page/modul es/diabetes/diabetes6.cfm?coSiteNavigati on_allTopic=1

20. Copying DNA 3 million restriction fragments would result if the human DNA was cut with restriction enzymes Finding a single gene could be difficult Today genes can be located on computerized databases Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) – a technique used for copying a gene - allows for an adequate amount of DNA to be available when the original sample is too small to work with

21. Transgenic Organisms Produced by inserting recombinant DNA into the genome of a host organism –Cloning – a single cell giving rise to an organism that is genetically identical to the organism from which the cell came Egg cell with nucleus removed Body cell fused into egg Fused egg and body cell begins to divide – becomes an embryo Embryo inserted into uterus of a female Organism that is born is identical to the organism that gave its body cell