1. Presentation Pro Mr. Cargile Mission Hills High School, San Marcos CA

2. 123 Go To Section: 4 5 Governing the States C H A P T E R 24 Governing the States SECTION 1 State Constitutions SECTION 2 State Legislatures SECTION 3 The Governor and State Administration SECTION 4 In the Courtroom SECTION 5 The Courts and Their Judges Chapter 24 2222 3333 4444 1111 5555

3. 123 Go To Section: 4 5 Chapter 24, Section 1 State Constitutions S E C T I O N 1 State Constitutions What are the history, contents, and importance of the first State constitutions? What are the basic principles and the kinds of provisions found in every State constitution? What is the process for constitutional change? Is there a need for reform of State constitutions? 2222 3333 4444 5555

4. 123 Go To Section: 4 5 Chapter 24, Section 1 2222 3333 4444 5555 Most were modeled after colonial charters. Each proclaimed the principles of popular sovereignty, limited government, separation of powers, and checks and balances. Most of the authority was given to the legislature. None provided for full religious freedom. Each set rigid qualifications for voting and office holding. All gave property owners a favored standing. The First State Constitutions

5. 123 Go To Section: 4 5 State Constitutions Today Chapter 24, Section 1 2222 3333 4444 5555 State Constitution Principles Basic principles of popular sovereignty, limited government, separation of powers, and checks and balances Protections of civil rights Governmental structure Governmental powers and processes Constitutional change Miscellaneous provisions

6. 123 Go To Section: 4 5 Chapter 24, Section 1 2222 3333 4444 5555 Constitutional Change

7. 123 Go To Section: 4 5 Length of Constitution Popular distrust of government has lead to detailed provisions aimed at preventing the misuse of power There has been a failure to separate fundamental law from statutory law Age of Constitution Most States have constitutions that are over 100 years old, with outdated provisions Chapter 24, Section 1 2222 3333 4444 5555 The Need for Reform

8. 123 Go To Section: 4 5 1. In the first State constitutions, most of the power was given to (a) the people. (b) the legislature. (c) the governor. (d) the courts. 2. Which of the following is not a method used to propose State constitution changes? (a) by convention (b) by legislature (c) by court order (d) by ballot initiative Chapter 24, Section 1 2222 3333 4444 5555

9. 123 Go To Section: 4 5 State Legislatures S E C T I O N 2 State Legislatures How are State legislatures structured, and what size are they? What are the election process, terms, and compensation of State legislatures? What are the powers of State legislatures and how are they organized? What is the legislative process at the State level? Chapter 24, Section 2 3333 4444 1111 5555

10. 123 Go To Section: 4 5 Chapter 24, Section 2 3333 4444 1111 5555 The Legislature: Structure and Size The basic function of the legislature is to translate the public will into public policy. Most State legislatures are bicameral, with a Senate and House of Representatives. An ideal size is one in which there are not too many people to make business difficult to conduct, but not so few that many interests go unrepresented. Legislators are elected from districts drawn by the legislature every 10 years on the basis of population equality.

11. 123 Go To Section: 4 5 The State Legislators Chapter 24, Section 2 3333 4444 1111 5555 State constitutions define legislator requirements regarding age, citizenship, and residence. Legislators are chosen by popular vote, usually in November of even-numbered years. Legislators serve either two- or four-year terms. The typically low compensation keeps many qualified people from running for these offices. Most States hold annual legislative sessions, and special sessions may be called for urgent matters.

12. 123 Go To Section: 4 5 Powers of the Legislature Legislative Powers Legislatures can pass any law that does not conflict with federal law or with the State constitution. Legislatures have the powers to tax, spend, borrow, establish courts, define crimes and punishments, regulate commerce, and maintain public schools, among other powers. Chapter 24, Section 2 3333 4444 1111 5555

13. 123 Go To Section: 4 5 Organization of State Legislatures Chapter 24, Section 2 3333 4444 1111 5555 Presiding Officers The officer presiding over lower house sessions is the speaker, chosen by the senate members. The senate’s presiding officer is either the lieutenant governor or a member chosen by the senate. The presiding officer refers bills to committee and appoints committee members, recognizes members to speak on the floor, and interprets and applies procedural rules. Committee System Committees are set up by subject matter. Committee members determine which bills reach the floor. They amend and rewrite bills introduced by members of the legislature.

14. 123 Go To Section: 4 5 The Legislative Process Bills are introduced by legislators, but may be written by officers and agencies of State and local government interest groups and lobbyists, and private individuals. Chapter 24, Section 2 3333 4444 1111 5555 Voters can propose constitutional amendments or propose statutes by initiative, which involves submitting signed petitions. A referendum is a process by which a legislative measure is decided upon by the State’s voters.

15. 123 Go To Section: 4 5 1. How are voting districts determined by legislators? (a) by land area (b) by tax base (c) by urban or rural status (d) by population 2. Most States hold new legislative sessions every (a) year (b) two years (c) month (d) two months Chapter 24, Section 2 3333 4444 1111 5555

16. 123 Go To Section: 4 5 Chapter 24, Section 3 The Governor and State Administration S E C T I O N 3 The Governor and State Administration What is the office of governor? What roles does the governor have? What are other State executive offices? 2222 4444 1111 5555

17. 123 Go To Section: 4 5 The Governorship Chapter 24, Section 3 2222 4444 1111 5555 Typically, governors must be American citizens, 25 or 30 years of age, have lived in the State for at least five years, and be a qualified voter. The governor is chosen by popular vote. In most States, governors serve four-year terms, with a two-term limit. In most States, if a governor leaves office during a term, he or she is succeeded by the lieutenant governor. Typically, governors can be removed from office by impeachment. They earn salaries from $65,000 to $179,000.

18. 123 Go To Section: 4 5 A Governor’s Many Roles The governor’s basic legal responsibility is “to take care that the laws be faithfully executed.” This is accomplished through these tasks, among others: Appointment and removal of assistants Supervising the staff of the State’s executive branch Preparing the annual or biennial budget to go to the legislature Commanding the State militia, or National Guard Chapter 24, Section 3 2222 4444 1111 5555

19. 123 Go To Section: 4 5 Other Executive Officers Chapter 24, Section 3 2222 4444 1111 5555 The governor shares powers with other elected officials. The lieutenant governor presides over the senate in most States. The secretary of state serves as the State’s chief clerk and record-keeper. The treasurer is the custodian of State funds. The attorney general is the State’s lawyer.

20. 123 Go To Section: 4 5 1. How long is the term of most governors? (a) four years (b) three years (c) two years (d) one year 2. Who is the state’s lawyer? (a) the secretary of state (b) the governor (c) the attorney general (d) the lieutenant governor Chapter 24, Section 3 2222 4444 1111 5555

21. SECTION21 Ch. 24 Sec. 3

22. SECTION22 The Office of Governor Qualifications- -Usu. min. age is 30, but CA is 18 -Most require U.S. citizenship and residency for 5 years, like CA -“Informal Requirements” race, sex, age, religion, occupation and income

23. SECTION23 Term & Compensation- 4 year term 2-Term Limit Current Salary: $175,000+benefits Lieutenant Governor- 43 states have one Popularly elected Like V.P. of U.S., Pres. of Senate Do not run with Gov. as a “team” (one may be a Rep., one may be a Dem., like in CA) CA Lt. Gov John Garamendi (Democrat) CA Gov. Mansion

24. SECTION24 Filling Vacancies- Depends on the state Lt. Gov. in CA Removal from office- 2 Ways: 1) Impeached- impeached by lower house, and then tried by the Senate (just like w/ federal officials) 2) Recall- voters may remove an elected official (used by 18 states, incl. CA) (only twice- ND in 1921, CA in 2003)

25. SECTION25 The Governor’s Powers Executive Powers- 1)Appointment Power- has power to appt. staff members, dep’t heads, etc. (may require approval of state senate, may also have to appt. members of other party) 2)Removal Power- can remove a person for specific action (may have to be approved by state senate)

26. SECTION26 3) Commander-in-Chief- of state militia, or National Guard (used for state emergencies- floods, earthquakes, riots, etc.) 4) Budget-Making- - CA Constitution requires the Gov. to submit a proposed budget each Jan. w/ an estimate of the State’s expenditures and revenues -Budget must be balanced California National Guard

27. SECTION27 Legislative Powers- 1)Messages- fulfill campaign promises by introducing legislation, draft bills and suggest laws (“state of state” addresses) 2)Special Sessions- can call legislature into special sessions (often in times of emergency) 3)Veto Power - Can prevent a bill from becoming law - Item Veto: Power to veto parts of a bill, but not the whole thing

28. SECTION28 Judicial Powers- 1) 1/4 th of all state judges are appointed by the governor 2) Executive Clemency- Gov’s ability to reduce or end a convicted criminal’s sentence; can also grant reprieves (postpone sentence), pardons (release legal consequences of crime), and parole (release) for state prisoners; can also commute (reduce) jail sentences (esp. important in states with the death penalty) Louis Farrakhan (Minister in the Nation of Islam) with Stanley “Tookie” Williams, co-founder of the Crips Street Gang in 1971 at age 17

29. SECTION29 Informal Duties Meeting foreign dignitaries Ground-breakings Sporting events Working on shared problems w/ other states (pollution, law enforcement, flood control) Work w/ local candidates of same party

30. 123 Go To Section: 4 5 In the Courtroom S E C T I O N 4 In the Courtroom What kinds of law are applied in State courts? What are the differences between civil law and criminal law? How can we describe the jury system? Chapter 24, Section 4 2222 3333 1111 5555

31. 123 Go To Section: 4 5 Kinds of Law Applied in State Courts Chapter 24, Section 4 2222 3333 1111 5555 Constitutional Law, based on the U.S. and State constitutions Statutory Law, based on laws enacted by the U.S. and State legislatures Administrative Law, composed of rules, orders, and regulations by federal, State, or local executive officers Common Law, based on judge-made rulings dependent upon accepted ideas of right and wrong Equity, preventative laws based on “fairness, justice, and right”

32. 123 Go To Section: 4 5 Criminal and Civil Law Chapter 24, Section 4 2222 3333 1111 5555 Civil Law Relates to disputes between private parties or private parties and the government that are not covered by criminal law These cases are referred to as “law suits.” They lead to an award of money or a fine. Criminal Law Defines public wrongs and provides for their punishment There are two levels: felonies and misdemeanors.

33. 123 Go To Section: 4 5 The Jury System The Petit Jury Hears the evidence in a case and decides the disputed facts. The usual number of jurors is 12. Their verdict must be either unanimous or by a large majority depending on the State. Chapter 24, Section 4 2222 3333 1111 5555 The Grand Jury Determines whether the evidence against a person is sufficient to justify a trial. Consists of from 6 to 23 persons, depending on the State. A majority is needed to indict. They meet in secret.

34. 123 Go To Section: 4 5 1. Cases in Civil Court are referred to as (a) jury trials. (b) crimes against humanity. (c) capital cases. (d) law suits. 2. Juries who decide on a person’s or parties’ guilt or innocence are called (a) grand juries. (b) lawyers. (c) petit juries. (d) criminal juries. Chapter 24, Section 4 2222 3333 1111 5555

35. 123 Go To Section: 4 5 Chapter 24, Section 5 The Courts and Their Judges S E C T I O N 5 The Courts and Their Judges How are State courts organized? What kind of work does each type of State court do? What are the different ways that State judges are selected? 2222 3333 4444 1111

36. 123 Go To Section: 4 5 Organization of State Courts Chapter 24, Section 5 2222 4444 1111 3333 Justices of the peace Justices of the peace preside over minor offenses in rural areas. Magistrates Magistrates handle minor civil complaints in urban areas. Municipal courts Municipal courts hear civil cases involving several thousands of dollars and misdemeanors. Juvenile courts Juvenile courts decide cases for individuals under 18 years of age. General trial courts General trial courts try the more important civil and criminal cases. Intermediate appellate courts Intermediate appellate courts are courts of appeal between trial courts and the State’s supreme court. State supreme courts State supreme courts review the decisions of lower courts. Unified court systems Unified court systems are based on geographic area and cover all areas of the law.

37. 123 Go To Section: 4 5 Chapter 24, Section 5 2222 4444 1111 3333 Most often, judges are selected by: Popular vote, Governor appointment, or Legislative appointment.

38. 123 Go To Section: 4 5 1. Most of the more important civil and criminal cases in the U.S are heard by the (a) general trial courts. (b) justices of the peace. (c) juvenile courts. (d) intermediate appellate courts. 2. In what way are judges not selected? (a) by the legislature (b) by the governor (c) by popular vote (d) by a court committee Chapter 24, Section 5 2222 3333 1111 4444