1. 24
Theoretical/Conceptual Framework The theoretical/conceptual framework is a description about how variables of research interact one another
Basic features of theoretical frameworks
1. The variables considered relevant to the study should be clearly identified and labeled in the discussions.
2. The discussions should state how two or more variables are related to each other. This should be done for the important relationships that are the prized to exist among the variables.
3. If the nature and direction of the relationships can be theorized on the basis of the findings from previous research, then there should be an indication in the discussions as to whether the relationships would be positive or negative.
4. There should be a clear explanation of why we would expect these relationships to exist. The arguments could be drawn from the previous research findings.
5. A schematic diagram of the theoretical framework should be given so that the reader can visualize the theorized relationships.

2. RESEARCH PLAN IN GENERAL Variables clearly identified and labeled33
RESEARCH PLAN IN GENERAL 1
OBSERVATION
Broad area of research interest identified 4
THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
Variables clearly identified and labeled 7
DATA COLLECTION ANALYSIS
AND INTERPRETA-TION 6
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH DESIGN 3
PROBLEM DEFINITION
Research problem delineated 5
GENERATION OF
HYPOTHESES 8
DEDUCTION
Hypotheses
substantiated ?
Research question answered ? 2
PRELIMINARY
DATA GATHERING
Interviewing
Literature survey

3. Schematic diagram of a Theoretical/ Conceptual Framework25
Schematic diagram of a Theoretical/ Conceptual Framework
Communication among cockpit members
Communication between ground control and cockpit
Air safety violation
dependent variable
Decentralization
(airlines competition)
Additional training of cockpit crew
independent variable

4. 31
Examples
1. If the pilots are given adequate training to handle midair crowded situation, air safety violation will be reduced a
Additional pilots training
Air safety violation
independent variable
dependent variable
Proper air safety infrastructures
moderating variable
Pilots nervousness and diffidence
intervening variable b c
dependent variable

5. 2. Other examples a b c 32 Changing assembly lines to automation
independent variable
dependent variable
Number of labors replaced
moderating variable
More profit to factory
Alternatives of automation system
Country environment, i.e. pleasant, safe, unpleasant, etc
Method of tourism campaign
Types of attraction offered at the tourist sites
Accessibility of the sites
Facilities available at the sites
Price & expense
(increase) number of tourist to East Java
Attitude of the local people
Country environment, i.e. pleasant, safe, unpleasant, etc
Attractiveness of East Java to tourist
Number of tourist to East Java
intervening variable a b c
dependent variable

6. Variables of Research 30 Types of Variables : 1. Dependent Variables
2. Independent Variables
3. Moderating Variables
4. Intervening Variables
1. Dependent Variables
The dependent variable is the variable of primary interest to the researcher. The researcher’s goal is to explain or predict the variability in the dependent variable. In other words, it is the main variable that lends itself as a viable issue for investigation.
2. Independent Variables
An independent variable is one that influence the dependent variable in either a positive or a negative way. That is, when the independent variable is present, the dependent variable is also present, and with each unit of increase in the independent variable, there is an increase or decrease in the dependent variable also. In other words, the variance in the dependent variable is accounted for the the independent variable.
3. Moderating Variables
The moderating variable is one that has a strong contingent effect on the independent variable-dependent variable relationship. That is the presence of a third variable (the moderating variable) modifies the originally expected relationship between the independent and the dependent variables.
4. Intervening Variables
An intervening variable is one that surface between the time the independent variables operate to influence the dependent variable and their impact on the dependent variable. There is thus a temporal quality or time dimension to the intervening variable. The intervening variable surfaces as a function of the independent variable(s) operating in any situation, and helps to conceptualize and explain the influence of the independent variable(s) on the dependent variable.

7. Schematic diagram for example :28
Schematic diagram for example :
Sex-role stereotyping
Advancement of women
to the top
Access to information
Independent variables
Dependent variable
Hypotheses
1. The greater the extent of gender stereotyping in organizations, the fewer will be the number of women at the top.
2. Male managers will have more access to critical information than women managers in the same ranks.
3. There will be a significant positive correlation between access to information and chances for promotion to top level positions.
4. Sex-role stereotyping and access to critical information will be positively correlated.
5. Sex-role stereotyping and access to critical information will both significantly explain the variance in promotional opportunities for women to top level positions.

8. Book : Research Methods for Business : A Skill-Building Approach41
Book : Research Methods for Business : A Skill-Building Approach
2nd edition
by : Uma Sekaran
Southern Illinois University of Carbondale
John Wiley & Sons, Inc