2. Chapter 14 The Territorial Expansion of the United States 1830s - 1850s Chapter 14 The Territorial Expansion of the United States 1830s - 1850s OUT OF MANY A HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

3. Chapter Focus Questions What was manifest destiny? What were the major differences between the Oregon, Texas, and California frontiers? What were the most important consequences of the Mexican-American War? What was the link between expansion and slavery? What were the issues in the election of 1848? 2 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

4. Part Two: American Communities: Texans and Tejanos “Remember the Alamo!” 3© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

5. American Communities: Texans and Tejanos “Remember the Alamo!” Texas uprising was an alliance between American and native-Spanish speakers, Tejanos. Tejano elite welcomed American entrepreneurs shared power with them. The Mexican state was unstable the conservative centralists decided Americans had too much power tried to crack down on local autonomy. Tejanos played key roles in the Texas Revolution once independence was secured they were excluded from positions of power. Frontier pattern of dealing with native people? first, blending with them second, occupying the land third, excluding or removing native settlers. 4 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

6. Santa Anna Sam Houston

7. The Politics of Expansion 6© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

8. Manifest Destiny, an Expansionist Ideology In 1845, journalist John O’Sullivan coined the phrase “manifest destiny” ??? to imply Americans had a basic right to spread across the continent and conquer whomever stood in their way. Westward expansion would increase trade and enable whites to “civilize” the Indians. Democrats saw expansion as the cure for national ills by providing new opportunities in the West leading to increased trade with Asia. Whigs feared expansion would bring up the slavery issue. 7 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. Take five minutes to write a paragraph reacting to the concept of Manifest Destiny

11. Mexican Texas In Texas, Mexican authorities sought American settlement as a way of providing a buffer between its heartland and the Comanches. 10 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

12. MAP 14.4a Texas: From Mexican Province to U.S. State In the space of twenty years, Texas changed shape three times. Initially part of the Mexican province of Coahuila y Tejas, it became the Republic of Texas in 1836, following the Texas Revolt, and was annexed to the United States in that form in 1845. Finally, in the Compromise of 1850 following the Mexican-American War, it took its present shape. 11 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

13. MAP 14.4b Texas: From Mexican Province to U.S. State 12 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

14. MAP 14.4c Texas: From Mexican Province to U.S. State 13 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

15. Americans in Texas Stephen F. Austin promoted American emigration. Generally, slaveholders came to grow cotton in their self-contained enclaves. Americans viewed Texas as an extension of Mississippi and Louisiana. 14 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

16. Americans in Texas For a brief period Texas was big enough to hold Comanche, Mexican, and American communities: Mexicans maintained ranches and missions in the South. Americans farmed the eastern and south central sections. The Comanches held their hunting grounds on the frontier. In 1828, a new Mexican centrist government broke the balance sought to control Texas by restricting immigration, outlawing slavery, and raising taxes. Americans came to see their own culture as superior to that of the “mongrel Spanish-Indian.” 15 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

17. Painted by George Catlin about 1834, this scene, Commanche Village Life, shows how the everyday life of the Comanche's was tied to buffalo. The women in the foreground are scraping buffalo hide, and buffalo meat can be seen drying on racks. The men and boys may be planning their next buffalo hunt. 16 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

18. Americans in Texas War broke out in 1835. The Mexican army overwhelmed Americans at the Alamo. At the San Jacinto River, Sam Houston’s forces victory led to a treaty granting independence to the Republic of Texas fixing the southern boundary at the Rio Grande. 17 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

19. The Republic of Texas Texas Republic developed after the United States rejected admission for fear of rekindling slave state/free state conflicts. Conflicts between Anglos and Tejanos grew Americans assumed themselves to be racially and culturally superior. President Tyler raised the issue of annexation in 1844 with hopes of re-election. Polk won the 1844 election after calling for “the re- occupation of Oregon and the re-annexation of Texas The 1844 election was widely interpreted as a mandate for expansion. Texas became a state in 1845 becoming the twenty-eighth state the fifteenth slave state. 18 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

20. The Mexican-American War 19© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

21. Origins of the War Polk was committed to expanding U.S. territory. He peacefully settled the Oregon controversy. Mexico broke diplomatic relations with the United States. Polk wanted to extend U.S. territory to the Pacific encouraged a takeover of California. A “border dispute” led Polk to order troops to defend Mexico. 20 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

22. Mr. Polk’s War The dispute with Mexico erupted into war They refused to receive Polk’s envoy a brief skirmish occurred on the Texas-Mexico border. Polk asked for war with Mexico. The call was politically divisive, particularly among opponents of slavery and northerners. Mass protests occurred. 21 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

23. Mr. Polk’s War Map: The Mexican-American War, 1846–48 Polk planned the war strategy, sending troops into the northern provinces of Mexico, conquering New Mexico and California. Victories in Mexico came hard. The fierce Mexican resistance was met by American brutality against Mexican citizens. When General Scott captured Mexico City, the war ended. Polk had ambitions of taking over Mexico, but strong opposition made him accept the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Map: Territory Added, 1845–53 22 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

24. 23 Under the terms of the treaty negotiated by Trist, (Guadalupe Hidalgo) Mexico ceded to the United States Upper California and New Mexico included present-day Arizona and New Mexico and parts of Utah, Nevada, and Colorado Mexico relinquished all claims to Texas recognized the Rio Grande as the southern boundary with the United States

25. MAP 14.6 Territory Added, 1845–53 James K. Polk was elected president in 1844 on an expansionist platform. He lived up to most of his campaign rhetoric by gaining the Oregon Country (to the 49 th parallel) peacefully from the British, Texas by the presidential action of his predecessor John Tyler, and present-day California, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, and part of Colorado by war with Mexico. In the short space of three years, the size of the United States grew by 70 percent. In 1853, the Gadsden Purchase added another 30,000 square miles.In 1853, the Gadsden Purchase added another 30,000 square miles. 24 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

26. The Press and Popular War Enthusiasm The Mexican-American War was the first conflict featuring regular, on-the-scene reporting. The war reports united Americans into a temporary, emotional community. Popular war heroes like Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott later became presidential candidates. 25 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

27. 26 Seeing History War News from Mexico. SOURCE: Richard Caton Woodville, “War News From Mexico,” Oil on canvas. Manovgian Foundation on loan to the National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC. © Board of Trustees, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC.

28. Thoreau, Civil Disobedience (1849) 1.What is Thoreau’s Argument? 2.Favorite Quote? 3.His view on voting in a democracy? 4.Does he see slavery as a North/South issue?

29. Part Six: California and the Gold Rush 28© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

30. Early American Settlement A Swiss immigrant who became a Mexican citizen, John Sutter, helped Americans emigrate to California. An American community grew up around Sutter’s land grant, which participated in the independence movement from Mexico. 29 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

31. Gold! Map: California in the Gold Rush The discovery of gold in January 1848 triggered a massive gold rush of white Americans, Mexicans, and Chinese. Because it was the entry port and supply point, San Francisco grew from a village of 1,000 in 1848 to a city of 35,000 in 1850. California’s white population grew by nearly tenfold. California gained enough residents to become a state in 1850. Chart: Where the Forty-Niners Came From 30 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

32. MAP 14.7 California in the Gold Rush This map shows the major gold camps along the mother lode in the western foothills of the Sierra Nevada mountains. Gold seekers reached the camps by crossing the Sierra Nevada near Placerville on the Overland Trail or by sea via San Francisco. The main area of Spanish-Mexican settlement, the coastal region between Monterey and Los Angeles, was remote from the goldfields. SOURCE: Warren A.Beck and Ynez D.Haase, Historical Atlas of California (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press,1974), map 50. 31 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

33. FIGURE 14.2 Where the Forty-Niners Came From Americans drawn to the California Gold Rush of 1849 encountered a more diverse population than most had previously known. Nearly as novel to them as the 20 percent from foreign countries was the regional variety from within the United States itself. 32 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

34. This drawing of the bar of a gambling saloon in San Francisco in 1855 shows the effects of the Gold Rush on California. Men from all parts of the world are gathered at this elegant bar in the large cosmopolitan city of San Francisco, which had been only a small trading post before gold was discovered in 1849. SOURCE: Frank Marryat, “The Bar of a Gambling Saloon,” published 1855. Lithograph. Collection of the New York Historical Society, New York City. 33 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

35. Gold! The Chinese first came to California in 1849. They were often forced off their claims. The Chinese worked as servants and in other menial occupations. 34 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

36. Chinese first came to California in 1849 attracted by the Gold Rush. Frequently, however, they were forced off their claims by intolerant whites. Rather than enjoy an equal chance in the goldfields, they were often forced to work as servants or in other menial occupations. 35 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

37. Mining Camps The mining camps were generally miserable, squalid, temporary communities where racism was widespread. Most of the miners were young, unmarried, and unsuccessful. A much more reliable way to earn wealth was to supply the miners. 36 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

38. Part Seven: The Politics of Manifest Destiny 37© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

39. The Wilmot Proviso Northern Whigs opposed expansion on antislavery grounds. The Wilmot Proviso caused a controversy over the status of slavery in the new territories. A bitter debate on the Proviso raised serious sectional issues and caused the first breakdown of the national party system. Both parties have splits! 38 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

40. The Free-Soil Movement The growth of the Liberty Party indicated northern public opinion was shifting toward an antislavery position. The Free-Soil Party offered a compromise for northern voters by focusing on stopping the spread of slavery. The Free-Soilers appealed to northern values of freedom and individualism, as well as racism, for they would ban all African Americans from the new territories. 39 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. *** Essay material!

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42. The Election of 1848 In the election of 1848, candidates had to discuss their views on the slavery expansion. Lewis Cass, the Democrat, favored popular sovereignty but was vague on details. (each territory would decide.) The Whig war hero, Zachary Taylor, refused to take a position on the Wilmot Proviso. The Free- Soil Party ran Martin Van Buren as a spoiler. By taking Democratic votes from Cass, Van Buren helped Taylor win the election. Unfortunately, Taylor died in office. 41 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

43. In 1848, the Whigs nominated a hero of the Mexican-American War, General Zachary Taylor, who ran on his military exploits. In this campaign poster, every letter of Taylor’s name is decorated with scenes from the recent war, which had seized the popular imagination in a way no previous conflict had done. 42 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

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