1. Next Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Chapter 26 Geography South Asia Today’s Issues: South Asia faces the challenges of rapid population growth, destructive weather, and territorial disputes caused by religious and ethnic differences.

2. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 26 Geography Population Explosion Living with Extreme Weather Territorial Dispute SECTION 2 SECTION 1 Case Study South Asia Today’s Issues:

3. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 26 Geography Population Explosion Section-1 Explosive population growth in South Asia has contributed to social and economic ills in the region. Education is key to controlling population growth and improving the quality of life in South Asia.

4. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 26 Geography Growing Pains Population Explosion Section-1 Rapid growth In 2000, India’s population reached 1 billion Rapid growth means many citizens lack life’s basic necessities − food, clothing, shelter South Asia must manage population growth so economies can develop Continued…

5. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 26 Geography Population Grows Growing Pains {continued} India’s population was 300 million in 1947; has since tripled So large that even 2% growth rate produces population explosion Unless rate slows, India will have 1.5 billion by 2045 − would be the world’s most populous country (passing China) India, Pakistan, Bangladesh among top 10 most populous countries − region has 22% of world’s population, lives on 3% of world’s land Continued…

6. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 26 Geography Inadequate Resources Growing Pains {continued} Region has widespread poverty, illiteracy—inability to read or write − poor sanitation, health education lead to disease outbreaks Every year, to keep pace, India would have to: − build 127,000 new schools and 2.5 million new homes − create 4 million new jobs − produce 6 million more tons of food

7. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 26 Geography Managing Population Growth Smaller Families India spends nearly $1 billion a year encouraging smaller families Programs have only limited success − Indian women marry before age 18, start having babies early − to poor, children are source of money (begging, working fields) − children can later take care of elderly parents − have more kids to beat high infant mortality Continued…

8. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 26 Geography Education is a Key Managing Population Growth {continued} Growth factors can be changed with education, but funds are limited − India spends under $6 per pupil a year on education − U.S. spends $6,320 per pupil a year Education could break cycle of poverty, raise living standards − improves females’ status with job opportunities − better health care education could lower infant mortality rates

9. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 26 Geography Living with Extreme Weather Section-2 South Asia experiences a yearly cycle of floods, often followed by drought. The extreme weather in South Asia leads to serious physical, economic, and political consequences.

10. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 26 Geography Living with Extreme Weather Section-2 Summer and Winter Wind Systems The Monsoon Seasons Annual cycle of extreme weather makes life difficult Monsoon is wind system, not a rainstorm; two monsoon seasons Summer monsoon—blows moist from southwest, across Indian Ocean − blows June through September, causes rainstorms, flooding Winter monsoon—blows cool from northeast, across Himalayas, to sea − blows October through February, can cause drought

11. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 26 Geography Impact of the Monsoons Physical Impact Summer monsoons nourish rain forests, irrigate crops − floodwaters bring rich sediment to soil, but can also damage crops Cyclones are common with summer monsoons − called hurricanes in North America − cause flooding, widespread destruction − 1970 Bangladesh cyclone killed 300,000 Winter monsoon droughts turn lush lands into arid wastelands Continued…

12. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 26 Geography Economic Impact Impact of the Monsoons {continued} Floods, droughts make agriculture difficult − countries buy what they can’t grow; famine looms Weather catastrophes also destroy homes, families − people often too poor to rebuild, governments lack funds to help People build: houses on stilts, concrete cyclone shelters, dams Region gets international aid and billions of dollars in loans − aid can’t keep up with disasters, debts result Continued…

13. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 26 Geography Political Tensions Impact of the Monsoons {continued} Weather conditions also cause political disputes India builds Farakka dam across Ganges before it enters Bangladesh − India wants to bring water to city of Kolkata − dam leaves little water for Bangladesh − many of Bangladesh’s farmers lose land, illegally flee to India − dispute is settled in 1997 with a treaty specifying water rights

14. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 26 Geography Territorial Dispute Case Study BACKGROUND How Can India and Pakistan Resolve Their Dispute Over Kashmir? Kashmir territory is strategically located at foot of Himalayas Territory of 12 million people surrounded by Pakistan, China, India India and Pakistan have fought three wars over Kashmir since 1947 Dispute threatens region’s stability, countries’ economic well-being Danger increases now that both countries have nuclear weapons

15. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 26 Geography Continued… Case Study Partitioning A Controversy Over Territory British left India in 1947 and partitioned—divided—the subcontinent − created two independent countries − India is predominantly Hindu, Pakistan is mostly Muslim Britain lets each Indian state choose which country to join − Muslim states join Pakistan, Hindu states remain in India

16. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 26 Geography Continued… Politics and Religion A Controversy Over Territory {continued} Case Study Kashmir’s problem: population is Muslim, but its leader was Hindu Maharajah of Kashmir wants an independent nation − but is forced to cede territory to India in 1947 Pakistan invades; a year later India still controls much of Kashmir India, Pakistan fight two more wars over Kashmir in 1965, 1971 − dispute remains unresolved; each country still controls part − China has had a small portion since 1962

17. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 26 Geography A Question of Economics A Controversy Over Territory {continued} Case Study Indus River flows through Kashmir − many of its tributaries originate in the territory Indus is critical source of drinking, irrigation water in Pakistan − Pakistan doesn’t want India to control that resource Kashmir is a strategic prize neither side will give up

18. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 26 Geography Continued… Dangerous Testing A Nuclear Nightmare Case Study India and Pakistan each test nuclear weapons in 1998 − raise fears that the 50-year-old dispute could go nuclear − after tests, both countries vow to seek political solution Border clashes continue − Pakistan supports Kashmir Muslims fighting Indian rule

19. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 26 Geography A Question of Priorities A Nuclear Nightmare {continued} Case Study Both India and Pakistan have large populations, widespread poverty − both overspend on troops, arms, nuclear programs − that money could be used for education and social programs Resolving Kashmir problem would bring peace − the quality of people’s lives could start improving − resolution could reduce the region’s political tensions