1. Plants For Food and Fibre Structure and Adaptations

2. Plants are found in nearly all habitats on Earth Plants are found in nearly all habitats on Earth Each of these habitats has a unique environment Each of these habitats has a unique environment Plants have special structures and adaptations that allow them to live in these various conditions Plants have special structures and adaptations that allow them to live in these various conditions

3. Roots Roots perform several important functions for plants Roots perform several important functions for plants They absorb water and minerals from the soil They absorb water and minerals from the soil They support and anchor the plant so that it is not blown over by wind or washed away by water They support and anchor the plant so that it is not blown over by wind or washed away by water They store food to help the plant survive during times of scarcity They store food to help the plant survive during times of scarcity

4. Roots (cont.) Many plants have a single, prominent taproot with numerous small roots coming out of it Many plants have a single, prominent taproot with numerous small roots coming out of it These smaller roots are covered in tiny root hairs These smaller roots are covered in tiny root hairs The smaller roots and root hairs increase the ability to absorb water and nutrients The smaller roots and root hairs increase the ability to absorb water and nutrients Ex. Moss campion with 2m taproots Ex. Moss campion with 2m taproots

5. Roots (cont.) Other plants have fibrous roots – a system of shallow, similar-sized roots that can quickly soak up moisture Other plants have fibrous roots – a system of shallow, similar-sized roots that can quickly soak up moisture Ex. Duckweed is a common plant found in ponds and has tiny roots that grow off the underside of the floating leaves Ex. Duckweed is a common plant found in ponds and has tiny roots that grow off the underside of the floating leaves

7. Root Crops – Carrots (okay)

8. Root Crops – Beets (vomitous)

9. Root Crops – Turnips (gross)

10. Root Crops – Radishes (angry hurl)

11. Root Crops – Parsnips (absolutely disgusting)

12. Root Crops – Rutabagas (what the?)

13. Diffusion and Osmosis Diffusion is a tendency of particles in a gas or liquid to become evenly distributed by moving from areas of greater concentration to areas of lesser concentration. Diffusion is a tendency of particles in a gas or liquid to become evenly distributed by moving from areas of greater concentration to areas of lesser concentration. Ex. When a perfume bottle is opened in a room – the scent diffuses throughout the room quite quickly. Ex. When a perfume bottle is opened in a room – the scent diffuses throughout the room quite quickly.

14. Diffusion and Osmosis Most cells in most organisms are said to be differentially permeable – this means that they only let certain materials pass in and out of the cell. Most cells in most organisms are said to be differentially permeable – this means that they only let certain materials pass in and out of the cell. Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a differentially permeable membrane. Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a differentially permeable membrane.

15. Stems One function of the stem is to transport water and nutrients between the leaves and the roots. Ex. In a tree trunk: One function of the stem is to transport water and nutrients between the leaves and the roots. Ex. In a tree trunk: Heartwood – dead wood in the middle Xylem – carries things upward Cambium – growing part of the trunk Phloem – carries things down from the leaves Bark – woody skin that protects the tree

16. Leaves During the major growing season – a pigment called chlorophyll makes leaves green During the major growing season – a pigment called chlorophyll makes leaves green Plants use their leaves to combine carbon dioxide and water to make oxygen and sugar Plants use their leaves to combine carbon dioxide and water to make oxygen and sugar The sugar is an energy-storing chemical in the plant The sugar is an energy-storing chemical in the plant This process is called photosynthesis This process is called photosynthesis

17. Leaves (cont.) Carbon dioxide enters the plants through tiny holes called stomata Carbon dioxide enters the plants through tiny holes called stomata Most of the stoma are on the bottom of the leaf, which gives the carbon dioxide easy access to the spongy layer of the leaf Most of the stoma are on the bottom of the leaf, which gives the carbon dioxide easy access to the spongy layer of the leaf The spongy layer is where much of the leaf’s water is stored. The spongy layer is where much of the leaf’s water is stored.

18. Leaves (cont.) Guard cells surround each stoma and control the size of the stoma Guard cells surround each stoma and control the size of the stoma At night when photosynthesis does not occur, the plants release carbon dioxide and let oxygen into their cells – respiration At night when photosynthesis does not occur, the plants release carbon dioxide and let oxygen into their cells – respiration When guard cells absorb water, they swell and the stoma opens to let water vapour – this loss of water by evaporation is called transpiration When guard cells absorb water, they swell and the stoma opens to let water vapour – this loss of water by evaporation is called transpiration

19. the cuticle is the waxy layer, the vein is on the side in profile