1. Folk, Local, and Popular Culture Key Issues 1. Where do folk and popular cultures originate and diffuse? 2. Why is local culture clustered? 3. Why is popular culture widely distributed? 4. Why does globalization of popular culture cause problems?

2. Key Issue 1: Where do folk and pop cultures originate and diffuse?  Habit- a repetitive act that a particular individual performs.  Custom- a repetitive act that a particular group performs.  Folk culture- the culture traditionally practiced primarily by small, homogenous groups living in isolated rural areas.  Popular culture- the culture found in large, heterogeneous societies that share certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics.  Material Culture – the physical objects produced by a culture in order to meet its material needs: food, clothing, shelter, arts, and recreation. Carl Sauer (Berkeley, 1930s – 1970s).

3.  A social custom originates at a hearth, a center of innovation.  Folk customs tend to have anonymous sources, from unknown dates, through multiple hearths  Pop culture generally has a known originator, normally from MDC’s, and results from more leisure time and more capital.  Folk music tells stories or conveys information about daily activities.  That terrible polka music you listen to at a family reunion  Call out songs from slavery, chariot  Pop music is written by specific individuals for the purpose of being sold to a large number of people.  TI, 50 Cent, Lady Gaga

4.  Diffusion of folk and pop culture differs:  Folk customs tend to diffuse slowly and then, primarily through physical relocation of individuals.  Pop customs tend to diffuse rapidly and primarily through hierarchical diffusion from the nodes. (Certain fads can diffuse contagiously)

5. Key Issue 2: Why is local culture clustered?  ISOLATION- promotes cultural diversity as a group’s unique customs develop over several centuries.  local culture varies widely from place to place at one time. Since most local culture deals in some way with the lives and habits of its people, the physical environment in which the people act has a tremendous impact on the culture.

6. Local Culture  A group from a particular place that who see themselves as a separate community  Share perspectives (world view/beliefs), customs and traits (often enforced)  usually easy to distinguish  Conscientious effort to sustain this culture  Claim a uniqueness

7. Anabaptists Anabaptists are a religious group that believes in the complete separation between government and church. Persecuted by Catholics and Protestants alike, mass emigrations of Amish, Hutterites, and Mennonites began in the 1660’s to North America. Dutch Anabaptist burned at the stake during the Inquisition. King Ferdinand declared drowning (called the third baptism) "the best antidote to Anabaptism”.

8. Amish: The Amish way of life in general has increasingly diverged from that of modern society. T he Amish have felt pressures from the modern world. Issues such as taxation, education, law and its enforcement, and occasional discrimination and hostility, are areas of difficulty.

9. Key cultural concepts: 1. their rejection of Hochmut (pride, arrogance, haughtiness) and the high value they place on Demut (humility) 2. Gelassenheit (calmness, composure, placidity), often translated as "submission" or "letting-be". 3. Amish anti-individualist orientation is the motive for rejecting labor-saving technologies that might make one less dependent on community Generally only attend school until eighth grade. One of the fastest growing populations in the world (average 7 children/family). Their genetic isolation has made them a boon to science.

10. Hutterites: -absolute pacifists (caused dislocations) -communal ownership, little personal property communities are called colonies -education is generally from an outside professional -the “German teacher is responsible for cultural and Biblical teaching

11. Hutterite colony in Martinsdale Montana -notice presence of newer technologies -often distain mass media (television, magazines) but do use things like cell phones and some social media

12. Mennonites or “plain people” are the most diverse amongst Anabaptist groups. They often are college educated but are expected to dress simply and respect the community. Military service is not allowed, unlike other Anabaptists, but being a member of law enforcement is acceptable.

13. Shetland The local way of life reflects the joint Norse and Scottish heritage, and a strong musical tradition, especially the traditional fiddle style. The islands have produced a variety of writers of prose and poetry, many of whom use the local Shetlandic dialect. The Gullah have preserved much of their African linguistic and cultural heritage. They speak an English- based creole language containing many African loanwords and significant influences from African languages in grammar and sentence structure. Gullah storytelling, cuisine, music, folk beliefs, crafts, farming and fishing traditions, all exhibit strong influences from West and Central African cultures

14. Huichol living in the Sierra Madre Occidental range in the Mexican states of Nayarit, Jalisco, Zacatecas, and Durango. They are best known to the larger world as the Huichol, however, they refer to themselves as Wixáritari ("the people"). With both groups, much of their cultural survival has to do with their isolation. The Bambuti are pygmy hunter- gatherers, and are one of the oldest indigenous people of the Congo region of Africa. The Bambuti are composed of bands which are relatively small in size, ranging from 15 to 60 people. The Bambuti population totals about 30,000 to 40,000 people.

15. Folk Culture – rapidly changing and/or disappearing throughout much of the world. Turkish Camel Market Portuguese Fishing Boat Guatemalan Market

16.  People living in folk/local culture are likely to be farmers growing their own food, using hand tools and/or animal power.   Local food preferences are a large part of the folk customs of that region.  Pork vs. Beef, Fish vs. Red Meat, Bread, Chicken etc.  Religious, social, or economic factors often determine the type and amount of food consumed in a given region.

17. FOLK FOOD How did such differences develop?

18. Hog Production and Food Cultures Fig. 4-6: Annual hog production is influenced by religious taboos against pork consumption in Islam and other religions. The highest production is in China, which is largely Buddhist.

19.  Housing preference is another major contributor to folk culture. Local traditions, as well as environmental factors determine the type of house that is built in a region.

20. FOLK ARCHITECTURE Effects on Landscape: usually of limited scale and scope. Agricultural: fields, terraces, grain storage Dwellings: historically created from local materials: wood, brick, stone, skins; often uniquely and traditionally arranged; always functionally tied to physical environment.

21. FOLK ARCHITECTURE

22.  Taboo – a restriction on behavior imposed by social custom.  Ex: little to no pork is consumed in predominantly Muslim countries.  Hand gesture in one culture may have a completely different meaning in other cultures.

23. Food Taboos: Jews – can’t eat animals that chew cud, that have cloven feet; can’t mix meat and milk, or eat fish lacking fins or scales; Muslims – no pork, alcohol, predators Hindus – no cows (used for oxen during monsoon) Washing Cow in Ganges

24. Local Culture Review  Stable and close knit  Usually a rural community  Tradition controls  Resistance to change  Buildings erected without architect or blueprint using locally available building materials  Anonymous origins, diffuses slowly through migration. Develops over time.  Clustered distributions: isolation/lack of interaction breed uniqueness and ties to physical environment.

25. North American Folk Culture Regions

26. Key Issue 3: Why is popular culture widely distributed?  Pop culture, compared to folk, varies widely from time to time in a given place. This is due to its widespread and rapid diffusion, and the relative wealth of the people to acquire the materials associated with pop culture. Pop culture flourishes where people have sufficient income to acquire the tangible elements of the culture and the leisure time to make use of them.  Housing in the US, from the 1940’s on, has been less dependent on what type of house is appropriate for what site or region, but more on what the dominant trend is in the architectural field at the time of construction.

27. U.S. House Types by Region Small towns in different regions of the eastern U.S. have different combinations of five main traditional house types.

28.  The most prominent example of pop culture in the realm of clothing is the mighty blue jeans. They have become a symbol of youth and “westernization” throughout the world. Many people in foreign countries are willing to depart with a week’s earnings just for a pair of Levi jeans.

29. Clothing: Jeans, for example, and have become valuable status symbols in many regions including Asia and Russia despite longstanding folk traditions.

30.  Food preferences in pop culture depend on high income and national advertising. The spatial distribution of many food or beverage trends are difficult to explain.  Wine is generally consumed in areas where the vineyards grow best, and where people can afford to drink it.  Religious taboos often are responsible for certain areas’ preference or dislike of specific foods, much as in folk custom.  Ex: Wine is rarely consumed outside Christian dominate countries.

32. Beijing, China 2004 Which popular culture, which is folk?

34.  TELEVISION HAS BEEN THE MOST IMPORTANT MECHANISM FOR THE RAPID DIFFUSION OF POP CULTURE.  It is also the most popular leisure activity in MDC’s throughout the world. There are four levels of television service:  Near universal ownership. US, Japan, Europe, etc.  Ownership common, but not universal. Latin American countries, etc.  Ownership exists, but is not widely diffused. Some African and Asian countries,  Very few televisions. Sub-Saharan Africa, some regions of Mid East. SMART PHONES/SOCIAL MEDIA MAY REPLACE TELEVISION’S IMPACT

35. Diffusion of TV, 1954–1999 Television has diffused widely since the 1950s, but some areas still have low numbers of TVs per population. Much media is still state-controlled. Ten Most Censored Countries: 1.North Korea 2.Myanmar (Burma) 3.Turkmenistan 4.Equatorial Guinea 5.Libya 6.Eritrea 7.Cuba 8.Uzbekistan 9.Syria 10.Belarus Source: The Committee to Protect Journalists. www.cpj.org.

36.  Diffusion of the Internet/Social Media is following roughly the same pattern as TV did at the start, which is the U.S. has a disproportionately large share of the Internet hosts compared to its share of the world population.  As the Internet/Social Media increasingly becomes the people’s resource of choice, pop culture will have yet another conduit to rapidly and effectively diffuse to nearly every inhabited place on the planet.

37. Internet Connections The Internet is diffusing today, but access varies widely. Can this be tied to population density? How much is political? How much is infrastructure?

38. Internet Connections The Internet is diffusing today, but access varies widely. Some countries censor the Internet, but this is much harder to do.

39. Created by Eric Fischer, these maps combine data from the photo-sharing website Flickr and the micro-messaging network Twitter, which is notoriously favoured by c elebrities. What is the city?

42.  In the U.S., TV stations are typically private enterprises that receive licenses from the government in order to broadcast over a specific frequency.  Elsewhere in the world, the governments normally control the stations or at least have a board that controls them.   This censorship is used to minimize the likelihood that programs hostile to current policies will be broadcast.  This 1984-esque government regulation has lost some of its strength in recent years however.  The main reason is the increased number of small satellite dishes that allow the customer to receive signals from stations based in other countries.  Although some countries outlaw the ownership of these dishes, individuals continue to invent new ways to hide the dishes and thus continue to receive their contraband signal. How did Social Media impact the Arab Spring?

43. Key Issue 4: Why does globalization of popular culture cause problems? DOMINANCE OF WESTERN PERSPECTIVES  The Three Core Regions, the U.S., the U.K., and Japan, virtually control the television industry.  At least one of the three serves nearly every LDC on Earth.  The U.S. serves primarily Latin America  the U.K. serves primarily Africa  Japan serves mainly S. and E. Asia.  Many Semi-perphery, periphery leaders claim that because the “westerners” own nearly all of the TV broadcast within their countries, a fair, unbiased report of local news is not presented. Instead, the media focuses only on sensational, rating-boosting stories.

44. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT  Popular culture is less likely than folk to be considerate of physical features.  For many popular customs, the environment is something to be modified to enhance a product or promote its sale.  Ex: golf courses, destruction/modification of large expanses of wilderness to promote a popular social custom.  Quite obvious is the increased need of natural resources to feed the pop culture craze. As a new trend engulfs a population, a specific resource may be required to satisfy the demand, and little care is taken to ensure the preserving of that resource for posterity. This, in turn, can lead to higher pollution levels as a result of pop cultures.

45. Problems with the Globalization of Culture Often Destroys Local/Folk Culture – or preserves traditions as museum pieces or tourism gimmicks.  Mexican Mariachis; Polynesian Navigators; Cruise Line Simulations  Change in Traditional Roles and Values; Polynesian weight problems Satellite Television, Baja California

46. Popular Culture Effects on Landscape: creates homogenous, “placeless” (Relph, 1976), landscape  Pop culture also promotes uniformity of landscape, as evidenced by the prevalence of nearly identical fast-food restaurants at convenient stops along highways.  Complex network of roads and highways  Commercial Structures tend towards ‘boxes’  Dwellings may be aesthetically suggestive of older folk traditions  Planned and Gated Communities more and more common

47. Surfing at Disney’s Orlando Typhoon Lagoon Are places still tied to local landscapes? Disconnect with landscape: indoor swimming pools? desert surfing?

48. Swimming Pool, West Edmonton Mall, Canada Dubai’s Indoor Ski Resort McDonald’s Restaurant, Vencie

49. Muslim Women in Traditional Dress at Indoor Ski Resort

50. Environmental Effects of Globalization Accelerated Resource Use in Consumer Societies:  Furs: minx, lynx, jaguar, kangaroo, whale, sea otters (18 th Century Russians) fed early fashion trends.  Aggressive consumerism evident in most Western Media, including hip hop and rock and roll.  Inefficient over-consumption of Meats (10:1), Poultry (3:1), even Fish (fed other fish and chicken) by meat-eating pop cultures  New larger housing desires and associated energy and water use. Pollution:  Water treatment and improved public health may come with higher incomes.  However, increased waste and toxins from fuel use, discarded products, plastics, marketing and packaging materials, etc.

52. Beijing, China Palm Springs, CA

53. Marlboro Man in Egypt

54. Benefits of Economic and Cultural Globalization  Increased economic opportunity?  Higher standards of living?  Increased consumer choice  More political freedom?  More social freedom?  Is Globalization good or bad?  Explain your answers

56. World Values Survey What type of data is this?

57.  Kabuki: http://www.sadlerswells.com/standalonevideo.p hp?video=/assets/videos/63786503001,47017644 001&show=2628&dp=1&show=2628&more=1 http://www.sadlerswells.com/standalonevideo.p hp?video=/assets/videos/63786503001,47017644 001&show=2628&dp=1&show=2628&more=1  Little Girl Giant http://www.cleanvideosearch.com/media/action/ yt/watch?v=eQcvxTBT7UQ http://www.cleanvideosearch.com/media/action/ yt/watch?v=eQcvxTBT7UQ  Salsa: http://www.cleanvideosearch.com/media/action/ yt/watch?videoId=F5zCGgZMaWQ http://www.cleanvideosearch.com/media/action/ yt/watch?videoId=F5zCGgZMaWQ

58.  Rubenstein, James- Cultural Landscape; An Introduction to Human Geography  http://www.glendale.edu/geo/reed/cultural/c ultural_lectures.htm  http://www.quia.com/pages/mrsbellaphg.ht ml  Google  YouTube