1. Henry James (15 April 1843 – 28 February 1916) ——by 俞泳哲 潘一周 杨予希 郭彧娉 朱晓玲 鲁琼 王子蘅 陆忆

2. Brief Introduction  An American-British writer born in America alternated between America and Europe settled in England, becoming a British subject  key figure of 19th-century literary realism Americans encountering Europe and Europeans from the point of view of a character consciousness and perception

3. Brief Introduction  Contributed significantly to literary criticism freedom in presenting view of the world containing a representation of life imaginative use of point of view,interior monologue( 内心 独白 ) and unreliable narrators  An extraordinarily productive writer works of fiction, articles and books of travel, biography, autobiography, and criticism, and plays nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature three times Major Works: Daisy Miller (1878) The Portrait of a Lady (1881) The Turn of the Screw (1898) The Wings of the Dove 《鸽翼》 (1902) The Ambassadors 《使节》 (1903) The Golden Bowl 《金碗》 (1904) The American (1877) The Europeans (1878) Washington Square (1880) The Princess Casamassima (1886)

4. Life Experience Born in New York City on 15 April 1843 Family Members Father Henry James Sr. is a lecturer and philosopher. Mother Mary Walsh came from a wealthy family long settled in NY City A wealthy, intellectually inclined family His education was calculated by his father to expose him to many influences Three brothers, William, Wilkinson and Robertson One younger sister Alice

5. Life Experience Travels and Study in Youth between Europe and the United States. Longest stays were in France, became fluent in French. Briefly and unsuccessfully attended Harvard University Law School at 19, and then pursued his interest in literature Formed lifelong friendships with Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. From an early age, read, criticized and learned from the classics 1864, anonymously published his first short story, A Tragedy of Error James at sixteen years old

6. Brief Introduction of Major Works

7. First novel—— Roderick Hudson serialized in The Atlantic Monthly in 1875 published in book form in 1876 Roderick Hudson is the story of the conflict between art and the passions; the title character is an American sculptor in Italy. Faltering in both his artistic ambitions and his personal relationships, he travels to Switzerland and dies there.

8. Become famous—— Daisy Miller a novella book form published 1879 It portrays the courtship of the beautiful American girl Daisy Miller by Winterbourne, a sophisticated compatriot( 同国人，同胞 ) of hers. His pursuit of her is hampered by her own flirtatiousness( 轻浮 ), which is frowned upon by the other expatriates when they meet in Switzerland and Italy.

9. The first phase—— The Portrait of a Lady first published as a serial in The Atlantic Monthly The Portrait of a Lady is the story of a spirited young American woman, Isabel Archer, who in "affronting her destiny", finds it overwhelming. She inherits a large amount of money and subsequently becomes the victim of Machiavellian scheming by two American expatriates. the masterpiece of James's early period reflects James's continuing interest in the differences between the New World and the Old

10. Second phase—— The Turn of the Screw a gothic ghost story Many critics have tried to determine the exact nature of the evil hinted at by the story. However, others have argued that the true brilliance of the novella comes with its ability to create an intimate confusion and suspense for the reader.

11. Last phase—— His peak The Wings of the Dove The Ambassadors The Golden Bowl

12. The Wings of the Dove(1902) This novel tells the story of Milly Theale, an American heiress stricken with a serious disease, and her effect on the people around her. Some of these people befriend Milly with honorable motives, while others are more self-interested.

13. The Ambassadors(1903) This dark comedy, seen as one of the masterpieces of James's final period, follows the trip of protagonist Lewis Lambert Strether to Europe in pursuit of Chad Newsome, his widowed fiancée's supposedly wayward( 任性的 ) son; he is to bring the young man back to the family business, but he encounters unexpected complications. The third- person narrative is told exclusively from Lewis's point of view.

14. The Golden Bowl(1904) Set in England, this complex, intense study of marriage and adultery completes what some critics have called the "major phase" of James' career. The Golden Bowl explores the tangle of interrelationships between a father and daughter and their respective spouses. The novel focuses on the consciousness of the central characters, with sometimes obsessive detail but also with powerful insight.

15. Women in HJ's novels female roles —— leading position noble morality and rich mentality transition of women ’ s fate three stages: innocence, self-determination and independence, maturity the value of women in new age depend on their own to reap the rewards of happiness

16. ingenuity/ simple /na ï ve/ acting on first instinct/ a symbol of natural innocence

17. Isabel Archer- The Portrait of a Lady Innocent/ intelligent/ independent

18. Maggie Verver-The Golden Bowl enduring / noble morality

19. The Founder of Psychological Realism What is Psychological Novel? A psychological novel, also called psychological realism, is a work of prose fiction which places more emphasis on interior characterization, and on the motives, circumstances, and internal action which springs from, and develops, external action. The psychological novel can be called a novel of the "inner man," so to say.

20. The Founder of Psychological Realism Textual Techniques in Psychological Novel the Stream of Consciousness Interior Monologue Flashback

21. The Founder of Psychological Realism Henry James changed the method of presentation in a novel, shifting the centre of gravity from action to its intellectual aspects:external circumstances lose significance before the inward events that take place in a soul.

22. The Founder of Psychological Realism In The Wings of the Dove （ 1902), he discovered the most subtle, hazy thought and feeling of the characters, and he put the "beating pulse in space" into the image.

23. Henry James’s Major Achievements

24. 1.Style and themes trans-Atlantic literature characters from the Old World (Europe) and from the New World (United States) clash of personalities and cultures in his stories.

25. 2. 现实主义经验论 Realism empiricism regarded “Reality” as the basic principle of Realism true description of an event reality is the basic criteria of judging works’ quality attached greater importance to the application of experience

26. Henry James’ viewpoint Every culture needs sensible, objective analysis but not blind and absolute acceptance. Neither complete acceptance nor entire rejection yields desirable fruits. Guided by a cosmopolitan view and equipped with the facility to differentiate, one can avoid the tragedies of Daisy and treat every culture in a proper manner. Americans can establish all ideal culture only by assimilating the advantages of both its own culture and European culture ．

27. Edward Wagenknecht : "a work of art must lift up the heart, and his own novels do this to an outstanding degree... "

28. Ernest Hemingway wrote an emotional letter in which he tried to steady himself as he thought James would: "Pretty soon I will have to throw this away so I better try to be calm like Henry James. Did you ever read Henry James? He was a great writer who came to Venice and looked out the window and smoked his cigar and thought."

29. Jorge Luis Borges wrote about him, "Despite the scruples and delicate complexities of James his work suffers from a major defect: the absence of life.“ Oscar Wilde once criticised him for writing "fiction as if it were a painful duty"

30. Thanks!