1.  How are these organisms different?  Are they the same species?  Who is involved with making these variations?

2. How are these apples different? Are they the same species? Who is involved with making these variations?

3. The principles of genetics are being used to change the world!

4. Selective Breeding Selective breeding, or artificial selection, is when people take control and cross organisms with selected traits. Humans use selective breeding to pass desired traits on to the next generation of organisms.

5. – For example, domestic dogs are bred for desirable physical characteristics and health traits. – For example, most crop plants are crossed for desirable tolerances to temperatures and diseases.

6. Hybridization  “Get a mutt, its healthier!”  Hybridization = crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of both organisms  Hybrids = hardier individuals produced by hybridization.

7. Inbreeding  “Pure bred dogs are just as healthy”  Inbreeding = the continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics  One major problem: Inbreeding is more likely to cross two recessive alleles producing genetic defects.

8. which crosses consists of Selective Breeding for example Inbreeding Hybridization Similar organisms Dissimilar organisms for example Organism breed A Organism breed B Retains desired characteristics Combines desired characteristics which which crosses which Section 13-1 Concept Map Go to Section:

9. What about Variation?  Some scientists try to preserve the diversity in our world  Other scientists try to increase the diversity in our world = more variation!  Breeders can increase the genetic variation in a population by inducing mutations, which are the ultimate source of genetic variability!

10. Mutations  Remember: Mutations are inheritable changes in DNA.  You can wait for mutations to occur spontaneously, or you can increase the rate of mutations by using radiation or chemicals  Mutations can be harmful or desirable to an organism!

11. Some Mutant Examples  New Bacteria: Scientists have been able to develop hundreds of useful bacterial strains with mutations. For example, bacteria that digests oil and cleans water after oil spills http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a_HWlFzgQi M http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a_HWlFzgQi M  New Plants: Scientists have been able to develop drugs that prevent chromosomal separate during meiosis in plants. For example, polyploid plants have many sets of chromosomes and are larger and stronger

12. This is all Genetic Engineering! Genetic engineering changes the arrangement of DNA that makes up a gene. Genes can also be inserted into cells to change how the cell performs. For example, large volumes of medicines, such as insulin, can be produced or plants resistant to diseases can be developed. Biotechnology is a branch of science studying genetic engineering and changing the way we interact with the living world.

13. Other Uses of Genetic Engineering In the past, people breed for organisms with desired traits by selective breeding, but now people can insert genes (DNA) into cells to produce organisms with those same desired traits by genetic engineering (Cell Transformation) Gene therapy is a form of genetic engineering that inserts a normal allele into a virus that attacks a target cell and inserts the normal allele into the body. Cloning is the process of making a new identical copy of an organism from a single adult cell. Cloning can occur naturally as twins, or to genetically engineer plants and animals, endangered or extinct species, a deceased pet or human, or stem cells. Stem cells are the cells that all of your cells “stem” from. Stem cells can be used to determine the function of specific genes, manipulate genes, or make new cells or tissue to treat injuries or diseases.

14. Let’s Review  Selective Breeding: Hybridization = dissimilar individuals Inbreeding = similar individuals

15. Let’s Review  Increasing variation: Mutations = alter/change DNA Polyploidy = interfere with meiosis

16. Let’s Review  Genetic Engineering: Cell Transformation = insert foreign DNA into a cell Cloning = use a single adult cell to produce a genetically identical duplicate individual

17.  What do you think are some of the pros and cons of genetic engineering?  “Eyes of Nye: GM Modified Foods” Video  Group Research on GM Technology

18. Pros and Cons of Genetic Engineering  Pros Better Taste, Nutrition and Growth Rate Crops like potato, tomato, soybean and rice are currently being genetically engineered to obtain new strains with better nutritional qualities and increased yield. The genetically engineered crops can be used to impart a better taste to food. Pest-resistant Crops and Longer Shelf life Engineered seeds are resistant to pests and can survive in relatively harsh climatic conditions. It can thus result in fruits and vegetables that have a greater shelf life. Genetic Modification to Produce New Foods Genetic engineering in food can be used to produce totally new substances such as proteins and other food nutrients. The genetic modification of foods can be used to increase their medicinal value, thus making homegrown edible vaccines available.  Cons May Hamper Nutritional Value Genetic engineering in food involves the contamination of genes in crops. Genetically engineered crops may supersede natural weeds. They may prove to be harmful for natural plants. May Introduce Harmful Pathogens Horizontal gene transfer can give rise to new pathogens. While increasing the immunity to diseases in plants, the resistance genes may get transferred to the harmful pathogens. May Lead to Genetic Defects Gene therapy in human beings can have certain side effects. While treating one defect, the therapy may lead to another. Detrimental to Genetic Diversity Genetic engineering can hamper the diversity in human beings. Cloning can be detrimental to individuality.