1. THE IMPACTS OF IMPERIALISM THE IMPACTS OF IMPERIALISM ON CANADA AND THE GLOBE MODERN LAND CLAIMS RESIDENTIAL SCHOOLS OKA ZAPATISTA

2. THE IMPACTS OF IMPERIALISM IMPERIAL ECONOMIC EXPANSION IN NORTH AMERICA First natural resource conquests in the 15 th century Cod off Newfoundland http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xWfqZggtM_w http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xWfqZggtM_w Gold in Central and South America http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2d5d1Z6AFH4 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2d5d1Z6AFH4 Spices in Asia http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i03HHPHOZGY http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i03HHPHOZGY France created New France in 1663 Early rivalry between France and Britain for control of the fur trade

3. THE IMPACTS OF IMPERIALISM FRENCH AND BRITISH RIVALRY Hudson’s Bay Company created in the late 1600s and the Northwest Company created in 1783, merged in 1821 Natives were drawn into the rivalry increasing the conflict among various tribes British promoted protestant religion, French promoted Roman Catholic faith http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YlP7CTk0kw8

4. THE IMPACTS OF IMPERIALISM FRENCH AND BRITISH RIVALRY Between 1701 and 1923, there were a series of treaties between the First Nations and the colonial governments The language barrier caused the treaties to be misunderstood Expanding population and economic activity, saw the British ignore or replace treaties Overtime the British became paternalistic towards the First Nations people

5. THE IMPACTS OF IMPERIALISM CONFEDERATION In 1867, English and French colonists arranged a partnership for control of the lands north of the 49 th parallel the First Nations were not a part of this deal Parliament passed laws to Replace traditional Aboriginal governments with band councils that had little real power Take control of resources on reserves and reserve finances These laws were written into the Indian Acts of 1876, 1880, 1884 and later http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hph52hbhYZQ

6. THE IMPACTS OF IMPERIALISM THE CPR EXTENDS EUROPEAN INFLUENCE Once the rail project was underway, Europeans saw the west as open for expansion and development When the CPR was completed in 1885, it had life changing effects on the First Nations It made nomadic hunting more difficult and land disputes began http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oqRWQa0rIso

7. THE IMPACTS OF IMPERIALISM MODERN ABORIGINAL LAND CLAIMS there are over 70 treaties between the Europeans and various First Nations in Canada Modern land claims began in 1969, the Nisga’a First Nation in BC claimed legal title to its traditional territory The Nisga’a lost at the BC Supreme Court, but in 1973 won at the Supreme Court of Canada The Supreme Court ruled that the Nisga’a had a pre-existing title to the and based on their long- standing “occupation, possession and use” of it http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vnSsP3NKgP I http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vnSsP3NKgP I

8. THE IMPACTS OF IMPERIALISM MODERN ABORIGINAL LAND CLAIMS Between 1975-2004, there have been 16 land claims agreements In 2001 according to the Auditor General of Canada, there are 71 remaining claims still in negotiations, 51 of those in British Columbia

9. THE IMPACTS OF IMPERIALISM

10. THE HISTORY OF RESIDENTIAL SCHOOLS In 1884, the Indian Act was amended to make schools compulsory for status Indians under the age of 16 until they reached 18 years of age This legislation created government-funded, church-run residential schools These schools were located in every province and territory except Newfoundland, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xlAAT14uwZY

11. THE IMPACTS OF IMPERIALISM THE HISTORY OF RESIDENTIAL SCHOOLS One hundred and thirty residential schools existed from 1884- 1996 Treatment in residential schools Students were forcibly removed from their homes and home communities They were not allowed to speak their native tongue at school, and siblings were typically split up Physical and sexual abuse were common Negative views about Aboriginal cultures Severe punishment was handed out to anyone who broke the rules

12. THE IMPACTS OF IMPERIALISM THE LEGACY OF RESIDENTIAL SCHOOLS Effects on individuals and communities Poor self-esteem Lack of positive role models Inability to speak own language Loss of culture and identity Feeling of being unloved, and uncared for http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zpihb8y-590

13. THE IMPACTS OF IMPERIALISM THE LEGACY OF RESIDENTIAL SCHOOLS By 2003, the number of claims against the four church groups and the federal government was over 12 000 In June 2001, the federal government set up a new department to deal with the consequences of residential schools In November 2005, an agreement in principle was reached between the Assembly of First Nations and the federal government

14. THE IMPACTS OF IMPERIALISM THE LEGACY OF RESIDENTIAL SCHOOLS Highlights of the deal Improved compensation process for victims of physical and sexual abuse $10 000 lump sum “common experience” payment for all former students for loss of language, culture and family life $60 million to set up Truth and Reconciliation Commission Five years additional funding for Aboriginal Healing Foundation http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ccDrfJeC2zQ

15. THE IMPACTS OF IMPERIALISM CASE STUDY: THE OKA CRISIS In March 1990, armed members of the Mohawk First Nation barricaded a road and occupied area near the town of Oka, Quebec They were protesting plans to build a golf course, which they had no input on, on land they claimed was once a burial ground On July 11, the mayor of Oka called in a SWAT team, Corporal Marcel Lemay of the Quebec police force was shot and killed

16. THE IMPACTS OF IMPERIALISM CASE STUDY: THE OKA CRISIS In the days and weeks that followed, Aboriginal groups across North America joined the Mohawks on the barricades On August 14 Premier Robert Bourassa invoked the National Defence Act, which allowed him to deploy the military Within a week the Van Doos arrived and nine days later a settlement was negotiated

17. THE IMPACTS OF IMPERIALISM CASE STUDY: THE OKA CRISIS While some held out, on September 26 the last of the holdouts surrendered Although many were arrested, none were ever convicted The aftermath The golf course expansion was cancelled, the federal government purchased the land for Mohawk use, but the original land dispute has never been resolved Amnesty International condemned Canada for its abuse of the Mohawk who were arrested The First Nations Policing Policy was created to improve the relations between Aboriginal people and the police

18. THE IMPACTS OF IMPERIALISM THE ZAPATISTA MOVEMENT Chipas is a state in southeastern Mexico There are four million people, 40% of which suffer from malnutrition Descended from the Mayans, they suffered greatly at the hands of the early Spanish explorers They were forced onto marginal lands, where they grew subsistence crops

19. THE IMPACTS OF IMPERIALISM THE ZAPATISTA MOVEMENT In 1994 Mexico signed NAFTA with the USA and Canada Soon agricultural subsidies which had helped the indigenous farm cooperatives, including the Chipas, were banned The Zapista Army of National Liberation (EZLN) believed NAFTA would destroy their language, economic and political systems Their slogan was “Ya Basta” which translates into enough The Zapistas declared war on the Mexican government when NAFTA came into effect

20. THE IMPACTS OF IMPERIALISM THE ZAPATISTA MOVEMENT http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QfSH4kZ_y0g http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QfSH4kZ_y0g The group quickly said they would employ non- violence, instead opting to invite outsiders into the Chipas region to see for themselves the conditions They allow outsiders to come and work on cooperative farms, where outsiders pay to work in order to help the local people This has forced the government to give the region more aid and attention Still from 1994 to 2003 per capita incomes have risen 24% but 1.3 million farm jobs have disappeared