1. Democracy Schmitter & Karl Payne & Nassar Handelman

2. “What Democracy Is… and Is Not” Democracy – the catchword of contemporary political discourse If we are using it all the time → better know what we are talking about “Third Wave” → welcome convergence toward a common definition of democracy Consensus on “minimal conditions”

3. What Democracy Is Concepts: what democracy is Procedures: what democracy does Principles (two operative ~): what makes democracy work

4. Democracy Democracy: not a unique set of institutions Many types of democracy → Many types of outcomes

5. Democracy: “Modern political democracy is a system of governance in which rulers are held accountable for their actions in the public realm by citizens acting indirectly through the competition and cooperation of their elected representatives”

6. Regime or system of governance: A regime or system of governance is an ensemble of patterns that determines the methods of access to the principal public offices; the characteristics of the actors admitted to or excluded from such access; the strategies that actors may use to gain access; and the rules that are followed in the making of publicly binding decisions

7. Regime: An ensemble/set of procedures, actors, strategies, and rules To work properly, the ensemble must become institutionalized Regimes: democratic vs. “non-democratic”

8. Democratic regime: Rulers (all regimes) “Public realm” (all regimes) Citizens (vs. subjects) Competition Elections Majority rule Cooperation Representatives

9. Rulers: democratic vs. non-democratic Two major differences: (1) Norms that condition how democratic rulers come to power (2) Practices that hold them accountable for their actions

10. Public realm (democracies) Public realm: encompasses the making of collective norms and choices that are binding on the society and backed by state coercion Liberal conception vs. socialist/social- democratic conception of the public realm

11. Liberal conception: circumscribing the public realm Socialist approach: extending the public realm Neither approach is intrinsically more democratic Much of substantive content of conflict within democracies: differences of opinion over the optimal mix of the two (L & S)

12. Citizenship (democracies) Most distinctive feature of democracies All regimes have rulers & a public realm; Only democracies have citizens Struggle for democracy → struggle for expanding citizenship

13. Competition Not always considered essential for democracy Change: two reasons – normative: less hostility vis-à-vis factionalism – practical: direct democracy not feasible

14. Competition = elections (?) Fairly conducted, honestly counted The fallacy of “electoralism” Modern democracy offers a variety of competitive processes and channels for the expression of interests and values- associational as well as partisan, functional as well as territorial, collective as well as individual. All are integral to its practice.

15. Majority rule vs. protection of minorities Institutional devices, e.g., -Bills of rights -Federalism -Consociationalism - a form of government involving guaranteed group representation, and is often suggested for managing conflict in deeply divided societies. It is often viewed as synonymous with power-sharing, although it is technically only one form of power-sharing.

16. Cooperation Actors must cooperate in order to compete Cooperation & deliberation via autonomous group activity = “civil society”

17. Representatives Political elite: a must for modern democracy The real question, then, is not “if,” but “how”: - how representatives are chosen - how they are held acountable

18. Competition > elections Modern democracy: a variety of channels for the expression of interests Interest groups, rather than political parties New democracies must live in “compressed time”

19. What makes democracy possible “Procedural minimal” for democracy: Necessary, but not sufficient, conditions 1) Policy-making vested in elected officials 2) Frequent and fair elections to chose those officials 3) Universal adult suffrage 4) All adults have the right to run for office

20. (“Procedural minimal” for democracy) 5) Free political speech 6) Pluralism in the media 7) Right of association Schmitter & Karl’s additions: (i)No overriding from unelected officials (ii)Polity must be self-governing

21. What makes democracy feasible Democracy = “bounded uncertainty” Democracy institutionalizes “normal,” limited political uncertainty Critique of the emphasis on “civic culture” (vs. emphasis on operative guidelines) Guidelines: better prospects for democracy “Civic culture” – a product, rather than producer, of democracy

22. How Democracies Differ 1)Consensus: 2)Participation: 3)Access: 4) Responsiveness: 5) Majority rule: 6) Parliamentary sovereignty:

23. How Democracies Differ 7) Party government: 8) Pluralism: 9) Federalism 10) Presidentialism: 11) Checks and balances: Indicators of types of democracy (rather than democracy itself)

24. What democracy is not (caveats) 1) Not inherently more efficient economically 2) Not necessarily better administered 3) Not more orderly, consensual, or stable (compared w autocracies they replace) 4) More open societies and polities, but not necessarily more open economies

25. Optimistic note? Nonetheless, unlike authoritarian regimes, democracies have the capacity to modify their rules and institutions consensually in response to changing circumstances.

26. Transitions to Democracy & Human Rights Payne & Nassar

27. “Democracy” Legacy of colonialism (“Westminster model”) Fall of communism & end of Cold War Transition to democracy & human rights protection: difficult & uneven Significant progress nonetheless

28. What Is Democracy? “Demos” (people) + “kratia” (rule) Initially, a direct form of self-government Currently, “a system of government in which the majority of the people rule but the rights of the minority are protected” (Liberal Democracy) Features of democracy

29. Features Legal: democratic Constitution Constitutions create, as well as limit power Legitimacy: values & beliefs of the governed Democratic institutions: -Presidential (separation of powers, checks and balances) -Parliamentary (no clear executive/legislative division)

30. Criteria for democracy: Inclusive citizenship Rule of law Freedom of expression Free and fair elections Equality in voting Citizen control of the agenda Freedom of association Civilian control over the security forces

31. Political Participation & Democratic Freedoms Political participation: allows people to communicate with the government –Conventional: voting, running for office, interest groups –Unconventional: mass demonstrations, civil disobedience Freedom of speech & press: no censorship, but there are limits Political parties

32. Political Parties A key component of democracy Party: “coalition of interests whose goal is to gain control of the government by winning elections” Functions: -Help the peaceful transfer of power -Mobilize public opinion -Offer solutions to society’s problems -Link people to the institutions of government

33. Military & Politics Example: Turkey In Turkey, the military is an independent institution with a political role -No civilian control -By law, the military has the right to intervene in politics (Other examples – Indonesia, Latin America)

34. Rule of Law Judiciary: critical in checking the power of the executive and legislative branches Many developing countries: weak & ineffective judiciary Interest Groups Critical players in democracies Membership in interest groups: a reflection of society’s level of development