1. Aj. Sittichai Thongworn

2.  Mental Health  Mental Disorder  Classification of Mental Disorders  Mental Disorders Across the Lifespan  Biopsychosocial Model of Mental Disorders

3.  Mental health is not just the absence of mental disorder.  A state of well- being in which every individual realizes his or her own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to her or his community (WHO, 2013).

4.  A clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual and that is associated with present distress or disability or with a significantly increased risk of suffering death, pain, disability or an important loss of freedom.  This syndrome or pattern must not be merely an expectable and culturally sanctioned response to a particular event. (American Psychiatric Association, 2000)

5.  The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)  The International Classification of Diseases (ICD)

6.  Dysfunction: Behaviors and feelings are dysfunctional when they interfere with person's ability to function in daily life, to hold a job, or form relationships.  Distress: Behaviors and feelings that cause distress to the individual or to others around him or her are considered abnormal.  Deviant: Highly deviant behaviors like chronic lying or stealing lead to judgment of abnormality.

7.  Autism Spectrum Disorders  Mood Disorders  Schizophrenia  Dementia

8.  A severe developmental disorder that begins within the first three years after conception.  Most autistic children look like other kids, but do puzzling and disturbing things which are markedly different behaviors from those of typical children.

9.  A. Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across contexts, not accounted for by general developmental delays, and manifest by all 3 of the following:  Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity  Deficits in nonverbal communicative behaviors used for social interaction  Deficits in developing and maintaining relationships

10.  B. Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities as manifested by at least two of the following: ◦ Stereotyped or repetitive speech, motor movements, or use of objects ◦ Excessive adherence to routines, ritualized patterns of verbal or nonverbal behavior, or excessive resistance to change ◦ Highly restricted, fixated interests that are abnormal in intensity or focus ◦ Hyper-or hypo-reactivity to sensory input or unusual interest in sensory aspects of environment;

11.  C. Symptoms must be present in early childhood (but may not become fully manifest until social demands exceed limited capacities  D. Symptoms together limit and impair everyday functioning.

12.  A group of diagnoses in the DSM classification system where a disturbance in the person's mood is hypothesized to be the main underlying feature.  Two groups of mood disorders are broadly recognized; the division is based on whether a manic or hypomanic episode has ever been present. ◦ Major Depressive Disorder ◦ Bipolar Disorder

13.  Severe symptoms that interfere with person’s ability to work, sleep, study, eat, and enjoy life.  Feeling sad and depressed for weeks or months on end.  This feeling is most often accompanied by feelings of hopelessness, a lack of energy (or feeling "weighed down"),

14.  Persistent sad, anxious, or "empty" feelings  Feelings of hopelessness or pessimism  Feelings of guilt, worthlessness, or helplessness  Irritability, restlessness  Loss of interest in activities or hobbies once pleasurable, including sex  Fatigue and decreased energy

15.  Difficulty concentrating, remembering details, and making decisions  Insomnia, early-morning wakefulness, or excessive sleeping  Overeating, or appetite loss  Thoughts of suicide, suicide attempts  Aches or pains, headaches, cramps, or digestive problems that do not ease even with treatment.

16.  Bipolar disorder, also known as manic- depressive illness, is a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, and the ability to carry out daily tasks.  Bipolar disorder often appears in the late teens or early adult years. At least half of all cases start before age 25.  Some people have their first symptoms during childhood, while others may develop symptoms late in life.

17.  Experience unusually intense emotional states that occur in distinct periods called "mood episodes."  Each mood episode represents a drastic change from a person's usual mood and behavior.  An overly joyful or overexcited state is called a manic episode, and an extremely sad or hopeless state is called a depressive episode.  Sometimes, a mood episode includes symptoms of both mania and depression, this is called a mixed state.

18.  A manic episode is characterized by extreme happiness, extreme irritability, hyperactivity, little need for sleep and/or racing thoughts, which may lead to rapid speech.  A depressive episode is characterized by extreme sadness, a lack of energy or interest in things, an inability to enjoy normally pleasurable activities and feelings of helplessness and hopelessness.

19.  Suicide is the intentional killing of one’s self.  The most common cause is an underlying mental disorder which include depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, alcoholism and drug abuse.  Financial problems or other undesirable situations also play a significant role.

20. 20  Changes in eating and sleeping patterns  Difficulty concentrating on school or the job  Loss of interest in previously enjoyed activities  Withdrawal from social relationships  Personality or mood changes  Feeling hopeless and helpless  Giving away prized possessions  Talking or writing about death or dying

23.  Schizophrenia is a chronic, severe, and disabling brain disorder that has affected people throughout history.  Schizophrenia is characterized by a broad range of unusual behaviors that cause profound disruption in the lives of people suffering from the condition, as well as in the lives of the people around them.

24.  Hallucinations are things a person sees, hears, smells, or feels that no one else can see, hear, smell, or feel.  Delusions are false beliefs that are not part of the person's culture and do not change. The person believes delusions even after other people prove that the beliefs are not true or logical.  Thought disorders are unusual or dysfunctional ways of thinking. One form of thought disorder is called "disorganized thinking.  Movement disorders may appear as agitated body movements. A person with a movement disorder may repeat certain motions over and over.

25.  Negative symptoms are associated with disruptions to normal emotions and behaviors.  These symptoms are harder to recognize as part of the disorder and can be mistaken for depression or other conditions. ◦ "Flat affect" ◦ Lack of pleasure in everyday life ◦ Lack of ability to begin and sustain planned activities ◦ Speaking little, even when forced to interact.

26.  A general term for a decline in mental ability severe enough to interfere with daily life.  A wide range of symptoms associated with a decline in memory or other thinking skills severe enough to reduce a person's ability to perform everyday activities.  Alzheimer's disease accounts for 60 to 80 percent of cases.  Vascular dementia, which occurs after a stroke, is the second most common dementia type.  There are many other conditions that can cause symptoms of dementia, including some that are reversible, such as thyroid problems and vitamin deficiencies.

27.  Alzheimer's is not a normal part of aging, although the greatest known risk factor is increasing age, and the majority of people with Alzheimer's are 65 and older.  Alzheimer's is not just a disease of old age. Up to 5 percent of people with the disease have early onset Alzheimer's which often appears when someone is in their 40s or 50s.  Alzheimer's is a progressive disease, where dementia symptoms gradually worsen over a number of years. In its early stages, memory loss is mild, but with late-stage Alzheimer's, individuals lose the ability to carry on a conversation and respond to their environment.

28.  The most common early symptom of Alzheimer's is difficulty remembering newly learned information.  As Alzheimer's advances through the brain it leads to increasingly severe symptoms, including disorientation, mood and behavior changes; deepening confusion about events, time and place; unfounded suspicions about family, friends and professional caregivers; more serious memory loss and behavior changes; and difficulty speaking, swallowing and walking.

29.  The basic idea behind the BPS model was a rejection of biomedical reductionism  The view was that illnesses are multi- factorial, with many causes  The separation of biological from psychological and social factors has been a formidable obstacle to a true understanding of mental and behavioral disorders.

32.  The positive symptoms of schizophrenia, which include hallucinations and delusions, are thought to be associated with disturbances in the mesolimbic dopaminergic system. Negative symptoms, including apathy and social withdrawal are believed to arise from alterations in the mesocortical system.

33.  The brains of people with schizophrenia look different than those of healthy people.  Ventricles are larger in some people with schizophrenia.  Have less gray matter, and some areas of the brain may have less or more activity

35.  People who have a close relative with schizophrenia are more likely to develop the disorder than are people who have no relatives with the illness.  A child whose parent has schizophrenia has about a 6-13 percent chance of developing schizophrenia themselves.  A monozygotic (identical) twin of a person with schizophrenia has the highest risk — a 40 to 65 percent chance of developing the illness.  Several genes are associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia, but that no gene causes the disease by itself

37.  Norepinephrine (NE) is responsible for a person’s anxiety, arousal, and memory. In many studies it was thought that a deficit of NE would cause depression whereas a surplus could be contributed to manic episodes.  Serotonine (5-HT) is accountable for a person’s sexual desire, sleeping patterns, moods, appetite, and activity. A lack of 5-HT can cause a person be more apt for mood disorders such as bipolar disorder.

38.  Dopamine is attributed to thought processes, body movements, and levels of hormones. Studies have shown that escalated dopamine neurotransmitters are responsible for the psychotic episodes associated with mania and that a deficiency of dopamine can cause depression.  Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a neurotransmitter that inhibits synaptic communication between neurons. Low levels of GABA have been linked to both depression and mania.

39. Alzheimer's is caused by brain cell death. It is a neurodegenerative disease, which means there is progressive brain cell death that happens over a course of time.

40. Neurons with Amyloid Plaques

41. Attachment Cognitive Distortion Self-concept

42.  An emotional bond to another person  Early experiences in childhood have an important influence on development and behavior later in life.  Our early attachment styles are established in childhood through the infant/caregiver relationship.

43.  The central theme of attachment theory is that primary caregivers who are available and responsive to an infant's needs allow the child to develop a sense of security.  The infant knows that the caregiver is dependable, which creates a secure base for the child to then explore the world.

44.  Anxious attachment and well-being were inversely associated and this was stronger for the younger group than it was for the older group.  Social anxiety level of fearful and dismissing attached students is higher than secure attached students  Self-report data has shown that people diagnosed with Cluster B Personality Disorders have more insecure attachments (Bender et al., 2001)

45.  Cognitive theory is concerned with the development of a person's thought processes.  It also looks at how these thought processes influence how we understand and interact with the world.  The way people feel is linked to the way they think about a situation and assign meaning to the perceptions.

46.  Meanings are constructed by each person  When cognitive distortion or bias occurs, meanings are said to be dysfunctional or maladaptive.  Cognitive distortions include errors in cognitive content (initial attribution of meaning), cognitive processing (meaning elaboration), or both.

47.  All-Or-Nothing Thinking: * See things in black and white categories. * Place people or situations in “either/or” categories, with no shades of gray or allowing for the complexity of most people and situations. * If your performance falls short of perfect, you see yourself as a total failure.

48.  Filtering: * Take the negative details and magnify them while filtering out all positive aspects of a situation. * A person may pick out a single, unpleasant detail and dwell on it exclusively so that their vision of reality becomes darkened or distorted.

49.  Overgeneralization: * Come to a general conclusion based on a single incident or a single piece of evidence. * If something bad happens only once, we expect it to happen over and over again. * A person may see a single, unpleasant event as part of a never- ending pattern of defeat.

50.  Magnification (Catastrophizing) or Minimization: * Exaggerate the importance of things (such as your goof-up or someone else’s achievement). * Inappropriately shrink things until they appear tiny (your own desirable qualities or the other fellow’s imperfections).

51.  Personalization: * A distortion where a person believes that everything others do or say is some kind of direct, personal reaction to the person. * A person engaging in personalization may also see themselves as the cause of some unhealthy external event that they were not responsible for

52.  Typical of many patients diagnosed with OCPD illustrates empirically validated cognitive distortions  Depression results from dormant maladaptive schemas, which are often activated by negative life events.

53. Self-concept refer to our view of ourselves. It is our perception of our own personality traits and consist of our ideas and feelings about who we are.

54. Self- image Self-esteem Ideal self

55.  Self-image: The idea, conception, or mental image one has of oneself

56.  It is important to realize that self-image does not necessarily coincide with reality.  People might have an inflated self-image and believe that they are better at things than they really are.  Conversely, people are also prone to having negative self- images and perceive or exaggerate flaws or weaknesses.

57. Self-esteem can be defined as a feeling of personal competence and an evaluation of our personal worth.

58.  Ideal self – is the person who we would like to be. It consists of our goals and ambitions in life, and is dynamic.  The ideal self in childhood is not the ideal self in our teens or late twenties etc.

59. CongruenceIncongruence

60.  Poverty and social inequality have direct and indirect effects on the social, mental and physical well-being of an individual.  Wilkinson (1997) believed that income inequality produces psychosocial stress, which leads to deteriorating health and higher mortality over time.

61.  Review of population surveys in European countries found that higher frequencies of common mental disorders are associated with low educational attainment, material disadvantage and unemployment and for older people, social isolation.

62. WHO, 2007

63.  There was seven times the rate of schizophrenic diagnosis for people from poor inner city districts compared with middle-class suburban areas.  The investigators concluded that the combination of poverty plus a lack of social cohesion in a locality precipitated schizophrenic breakdown.

65.  Culture play pivotal roles in mental health, mental illness, and mental health services.  Culture influences many aspects of mental illness, including how patients from a given culture express and manifest their symptoms, their style of coping, their family and community supports, and their willingness to seek treatment.

66.  Racial stereotypes and negative images can be internalized, denigrating individuals’ self-worth and adversely affecting their social and psychological functioning.  Racism and discrimination by societal institutions have resulted in minorities’ lower socioeconomic status and poorer living conditions in which poverty, crime, and violence are persistent stressors that can affect mental health.