1. Nuclear Mass Measurement and Evaluation WANG Meng Institute of Modern Physics, CAS 1st International Workshop on Nuclear Structure, Hadron Physics and Field Theory Outline 1.Introduction and history 2.Atomic mass measurement 3.Mass measurement at IMP 4.Atomic mass evaluation

2. = N× +Z× － binding energy Mass → binding energy → interaction Nuclear physics Nuclear astrophysics Atomic physics Atomic energy Fundamental symmetries Metrology … Nuclear Mass +Z×

3. shell subshell deformation Nuclear structure

4. 4 Table of the relative weights of the ultimate particles of gaseous and other bodies Appended to J. Dalton “On the Absorption of Gases by Water and Other Liquids” Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, Manchester, 1805, vol. 6, pp. 271-287 http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/dalton52.html First mass table Mendeleev's 1869 periodic table

5. F.W. Aston, Mass Spectra and Isotopes, 2nd ed., Edward Arnold & Co., 1942. J. J. Thomson J. J. Thomson ， 1913 “100 years of Mass Spectrometry” International Journal of Mass Spectrometry, Volumes 349–350 (2013) Edited by Dr. Yuri Litvinov and Dr. Klaus Blaum Mass Spectrometry

6. Courtesy of K. Sharma

7. M.S. Livingston, H.A. Bethe, “Nuclear Physics, C. Nuclear dynamics, experimental”, Rev. Mod. Phys. 9 (1937) 245, XVIII. Nuclear masses, combining data from mass spectroscopy and nuclear reaction/decay Atomic mass table 63 nuclides Up to 40Ar

8. Atomic mass unit New reference nuclide for atomic mass unit was proposed in 1958.

9. AME is short for Atomic Mass Evaluation Providing canonical source of atomic masses for diverse fields: Nuclear Physics Nuclear Astrophysics Atomic Physics Nuclear Energy …… Produced since 1955. Under the encouragement of the IUPAP and support from IAEA Collecting all experimental results related to atomic masses Compiling in an appropriate format and carefully evaluate Determining reliable atomic masses and quantify their uncertainties Providing mass tables for research communities worldwide Atomic mass evaluation

10. Konig et al., Nucl. Phys. A 28 (1961) 1 Ame1961, Ame1964, Ame1971, Ame1977 Ame1983, Ame1993, Ame2003, Ame2012 Atomic Mass Evaluation In 1950s, A. H. Wapstra created AME, to solve the problem of overdetermination

11. Atomic mass measurement

12. 1.An Ion Balance for Ultra-High-Precision Atomic Mass Measurements, S.Rainville, J.K.Thompson, D.E.Pritchard, Science 303, 334 (2004) 2.Cyclotron frequency shifts arising from polarization forces, J.K.Thompson, S.Rainville, D.E.Pritchard, Nature(London) 430, 58 (2004) 3.A direct test of E=mc 2, S.Rainville, et al., Nature(London) 438, 1096 (2005) 4.Direct mass measurements above uranium bridge the gap to the island of stability, M.Block et al., Nature(London) 463, 785 (2010) 5.Direct mapping of nuclear shell effects in the heaviest elements, E. Minaya Ramirez et al., Science 337 (6099), 1207-1210 (2012). 6.Masses of exotic calcium isotopes pin down nuclear forces, F.Wienholtz et al., Nature(London) 498, 346 (2013) Publications in Nature/Science Two frontiers ： accurate, exotic

13. An Ion Balance for Ultra-High-Precision Atomic Mass Measurements, S.Rainville, J.K.Thompson, D.E.Pritchard, Science 303, 334 (2004) High-precision measurements

14. Direct mapping of nuclear shell effects in the heaviest elements, E. Minaya Ramirez et al., Science 337 (6099), 1207-1210 (2012). Exotic nuclei

16. IMP RIKEN ANL MSU TRIUMP FSU GSI JYFL CERN GANIL MSL JGU JINR LBL ORNL CIAE IAEA BNL Main institutions of nuclear research Facilities for direct mass measurements Mass measurments

17. Mass measurement at IMP

18. Detector Measurement at IMP Timing Detector 10 mm 9 BeTarget  t  460 MeV/u

19. Beams: 78 Kr, 58 Ni, 86 Kr, 112 Sn, 58 Ni, 36 Ar Double TOF Improved precision Measured first time X. L. Tu et al., PRL 106, 112501 (2011) Y. H. Zhang et al., PRL 109, 102501 (2012) X. L. Yan et al. ApJ 766, L8 (2013) P. Shuai et al., PL B 735,327 (2014) H. S. Xu et al., IJMS 349, 162 (2013) Precision 10 -6 ~10 -7 (20-200 keV) Overview of experimental results at IMP

20. Mass values of short-lived nuclei are important input parameters to study rp-process Companion star Neutron star X-ray burst R. Giacconi 2002 Nobel Nuclear masses in astrophysics

21. Reaction path Light curve Element abundance 65 As S p ( 65 As) >-250 keV (AME2003) Waiting point at 64 Ge in the Type I X-ray burst ? Results from CSRe: waiting point 64 Ge

22. S p ( 65 As) =  keV  Light curve of Type I x-ray burst 89%–90% of the reaction flow passes through 64 Ge via proton capture indicating that: 64 Ge is not a significant rp-process waiting point. 11 Abundance of burst ashes X.L. Tu et al., PRL 106, 112501 (2011) Results from CSRe: waiting point 64 Ge

23. Atomic mass evaluation

24. 24 Mass ratio M[ 33 S + ]/M[ 32 SH + ] Mass measurement: inertial mass energy Relative Measurements Energy released from neutron capture of 32 S 32 S + n - 33 S = 8641.6398(33) keV 33 S- ( 32 S + H) = -8437.29682(30) μu Mass measurments

25. December 2012 issue of Chinese Physics C (IOP Science) Volume 36 Number 12 December 2012 1157 The NUBASE2012 evaluation of nuclear properties G. Audi, F.G. Kondev, M. Wang, B. Pfeiffer, X. Sun, J. Blachot, M. MacCormick 1287 The AME2012 atomic mass evaluation (I). Evaluation of input data, adjustment procedures G. Audi, M. Wang, A.H. Wapstra, F.G. Kondev, M. MacCormick, X. Xu, B. Pfeiffer 1603 The AME2012 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references M. Wang, G. Audi, A.H. Wapstra, F.G. Kondev, M. MacCormick, X. Xu, B. Pfeiffer AME2012

26.  Ex, J , T 1/2 & decay modes  both ground state & Isomers (T 1/2 >100ns)  Independently evaluated data complete up-to-date credible & reliable properly referenced NUBASE2012

27. 13809 input equations in AME12 5275 mass spectrometry 8534 reactions & decays 3711 Masses 2416 known ground state 232 known isomers 1063 extrapolated Accuracy of mass values

28. Comparison of uncertainties σ03/σ12

29. 225 new masses Comparison of uncertainties σ03/σ12

30. 1000 100 10 -10 -100 -1000 Comparison of values ME03 – ME12 52 Ca: 1754 keV 99Y: 18 σ

31. H3H3He4He40Ar87Rb133Cs2H16O H0.0070 3H0.00730.0304 3He0.00730.02770.0304 4He0.00030.0009 0.0038 40Ar0.01450.0212 0.00305.5274 87Rb0.01620.0196 0.00400.388341.6673 133Cs0.03840.0433 0.00570.30145.410473.6799 2H0.00040.0019 0.00060.00680.00340.00500.0016 16O0.00290.0042 0.00190.01270.05820.08180.00130.0293 Covariance matrix For CODATA group to adjust the fundamental constants

32. Institute of Modern Physics, CAS, Lanzhou Thank you for your attention !