1. Nuclear Data and Applications
Libby McCutchan
National Nuclear Data Center
Brookhaven National Laboratory, NY USA
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2. What happens to all the data?

3. Nuclear Data Program Link between basic science and applications
Nuclear Science Community
experiments
theory
Application
Community
Nuclear Data Community
✦ compilation
✦ evaluation
✦ dissemination
✦ archival
needs data:
✦ complete
✦ organized
✦ traceable
✦ readable

4. What’s the difference between blue and green?
Nuclear Data Program
What’s the difference between blue and green?

5. ENDF ENSDF Two main efforts in nuclear data
They are complementary and we support both
ENDF
ENSDF
Evaluated Nuclear Data File
Evaluated Nuclear Structure Data File

6. Nuclear Reaction Data (ENDF/B)
Energy dependent cross sections
Energy and angular distribution of reaction products
Neutron resonance parameters
Neutron multiplicities
Fission yields
Covariances …
Focus originally on neutron induced reactions.
Limited (but expanding) coverage of charged-particles, photons, etc.

7. Most users never see ENDF data
ENDF data are most often used in data tables that implement collision physics in application codes

8. Critical evaluation of more than 60,000 primary publications
Nuclear Structure File (ENSDF)
Evaluated Nuclear Structure Data File
NSR
Masses
Journal Publications
Secondary References
Physics Tools
One
recommended value
For important properties of every nucleus that’s been measured
Critical evaluation of more than 60,000 primary publications

9. The ENSDF 3,261 nuclides 18,261 datasets 3,261 Adopted 4,245 Decay
9,831 Reactions
It is Unique: Only Nuclear Database continuously updated
It is Complete: All nuclei and all level and radiation properties
It is Versatile: Feeds back into both basic and applied sciences

10. Why do we need ENDSF? Used in all aspects of gamma-ray spectroscopy
Facilitates comparison to theory
Input for other basic science fields
Wide range of applications require nuclear structure data

11. What comes to mind when you hear …
Database
Evaluator

12. Reading the literature
What ENSDF evaluation isn’t…
Taking averages
Reading the literature
Making tables
thus… BORING

13. What ENSDF evaluation is…
Decays -
+ +   …
Reactions
(HI,xn)
(d,p), (p,t)
Coulomb Ex.
(p,p’)
(n,) ….
Best Recommended Values
(Adopted Levels, Gammas)

14. How to use the databases …

15. Challenge of new, high quality data from
FRIB(MSU), CARIBU(ANL),TRIUMF,RIKEN,GSI,GANIL, CERN …
~3000 nuclei yet to be discovered
~3000 nuclei known
Current mass chain evaluation schedule:
7-10 years on average
Need data promptly compiled, evaluated & disseminated
Development of new methodologies, strategies & dissemination tools catered to specific needs
Will need input & assistance from YOU!!!
Slide courtesy of F. Kondev (ANL)

16. > 3 million retrievals / year
Users of Nuclear Data
Relevance to society
Japan Earthquake
Friday 3/11/2011
> 3 million retrievals / year

17. Applications

19. More than 800 nuclides produced in the fission of 235U
Many applications involve fission
More than 800 nuclides produced in the fission of 235U

20. Beta decay of fission fragments
Neutron converted to proton
Electron and antineutrino emitted
Followed by gammas (maybe neutrons)
Average of 3  decays to reach stability

21. Energy released in beta decayQ
Electromagnetic (EM) =SIgEg + SIx-rayEx-ray
Light Particle (LP)=SIb-Eb- + SIceEce + SIAugerEAuger
Total Energy=EM+LP+Eantineutrino= Q(b-)

22. The beta-decay database
3817 “materials”
g.s. and isomers
Basic (T1/2, Q, mode)
Complete, pre 2001
Complete, post 2001
Theory
M. Chadwick et al., Nucl. Data Sheets 112, 2887 (2011).

23. Decay Heat
Decay Heat(t)=S li x Ni(t) x Ei
Ei: energy released in decay
Following reactor shutdown, approximately what percentage of core power is given off in decay heat?
0.1 % 1%
10 %
Technically 7%

24. Decay Heat Pandemonium leads to incorrect average  and  energies
New RIB facilities + New TAGS detectors
Japan
Valencia
Oak Ridge
MSU

25. Incorporating TAGS data
IAEA project (2006) identified 22 “high priority” nuclei
New TAGS data on 7 nuclei from Valencia collaboration
Algora et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, (2010).

26. Decay Heat for Advance Fuel Cycles
Lots of room for improvement !!

27. Neutrino Oscillations
𝜃 13 =??

28. Reactors are copious producers of antineutrinos
Anti-neutrinos from reactors
Reaction threshold : ~1.8 MeV
Reactors are copious producers of antineutrinos
Detection through inverse  decay on proton
𝜈 𝑒 +𝑝→ 𝑒 + +𝑛
𝜎 ~ 10 −16 𝑚𝑏
But cross section is tiny !!

29. Antineutrino Experiments

30. And then the story got more interesting
Potential for new physics
Deficit in antineutrinos in all short baseline experiments

31. And more interesting Potential for new physics arXiv: 1412.2199
Daya Bay
arXiv:

32. Connection to ENSDF Benefits Summation method (or ab-initio method)
Links ENSDF to another basic science community
Provides integral measurements (check on ENSDF)
Spurs new measurements which will improve ENSDF
Summation method
(or ab-initio method)
Single nucleus – sum  branches*intensity
Total – sum  spectrum*fission yield
𝑆 𝐸 𝑒 = 𝑖 𝐹𝑌 𝑖 𝑆 𝑖 ( 𝐸 𝑖 )

33. Summation for 235U

34. Summation for 239Pu

35. Main Contributors at ~5 MeV
37-Rb-92
39-Y-96
41-Nb–100
55-Cs-142
37-Rb-90
55-Cs-140
52-Te –135
38-Sr-95
239Pu
41-Nb-100
39-Y-96
37-Rb–92
55-Cs-140
55-Cs-142
38-Sr-95
52-Te-135
39-Y- 98m
241Pu
39-Y-96
41-Nb-100
55-Cs – 142
52-Te- 135
37-Rb-92
55-Cs- 140
53-I- 137
39-Y-99
238U
39-Y-96
37-Rb-92
41-Nb –100
55-Cs-142
52-Te-135
39-Y-99
55-Cs-143
53-I-138
Top 8 contribute 30%-40% to the overall spectrum
New measurements underway based on these sensitivity studies

36. Anti-neutrinos for applied purposes
SONGS
N.S. Bowden, Nucl. Phys. B 217, 134 (2011)
Spectrum shape and anti-neutrino multiplicity depends on target. Can be used in non-proliferation and reactor monitoring

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