1. Practice in Previous Lectures Before starting please today I need all of you evaluate me and the course: Let’s Go to lab 12 now: www.english questionnaire.blogspot.com في السوشيو عمل بوسترات ( ورقية ) لابحاثكم سارة البدر -

2. Chapters to Revise: The following is our outline:

4. Section A From P:1- 17 What do sociolinguistics study?

5. Answers: 1.The relation between language and society. 2.Why we speak(chat)( conversation) differently in different social contexts. Sociolinguistics is concerned with the relationship bw language and context in wc it is used 3.To identify the social functions of language. 4.The ways we use language to convey or communicate social meaning. 5.5.Examine the ways people use the language in different social context 6.provides a rich info. about the way language works. 6.7.about social relationship in a community. 7.8. The ways people signal(sign) shape of their social identity thro’ their language

6. Why do we say same things in different ways? P(3-4) We are restricted by the social factors or context which influence our choice the ways we should speak. Language Functions(P: 2)Line 5 1.Ask for information from people 2.Give and take information 3.To express indigenous (local) & annoyances 4.To interact and express feeing needs and Admiration

7. What do the ways we talk reflect? Our social identity. Age gender –class- education Who we are- From where we come Our social experience and status, ethnicity. Compare between the way we talk and the way we write? Which reflects you more ? Why??? Answer:____________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ __________________________________

8. Why we say the same things in different ways? Because of the distance or relation bw speaker and listener(audience) The type of topic The place Your Feeling toward the listener

9. How to discover the linguistic variations? and the speaker (STYLE) or social information? From the words choice. From sound (pronunciation) From word structure (Morphology) Form syntax.

10. What are Social Factors that affect kinds of interactions? 1.The users of a language (participants) who: Wife, husband, customers boss –Teachers- friends 2. The setting where they are Are you at Home- office School 3. The topic (about what is it formal or informal) 4.E function (why they are speaking) the aims of interaction: Informative -social

11. what are the Social Dimensions(scale) for analysis variations? 1.Social distance scale: (Relation bw participants) 2.Status scale: (how well You know someone) (Superior(hi) (subordinate) متواضع - مرؤوس low statues) 3.Formality scale (Hi- low Depend on to whom you speak 4. Two functional scales ((Purpose + topic) Reflects referential or affective functions as feeling

12. What info. does the utterance provide about the relationship between the people talking in the context of their talk a. gives referential info مرجعية not speaker feelings مشاعر b. Gives Affectionate info حنان uses little pet (from mother to child) elders to youngers- nurses to young patient)

13. 1.Multilingual Speech Communities: 2.Language choice in multilingual communities P:19:51) What does Multilingual person means?  The person who can speak many language beside his mother tongue ز What does a multi cultural lingual country mean?

14. Social Factors affecting code choice ؟ Topic Setting Listeners Social distance Person rank

15. DIGLOSSIA – P:27 Using 2codes or languages in a country (1 is standard + local language)

16. Attitude towards H&L codes(varieties- languages) in a Diglossia situation Why People prefer H variety even if they don’t understand it? Because:  They respect it.  H has prestige in a high status sense.  H is standardized in (dictionary and in the grammar books  they see L variety as something not worth to describe.

17. Diglossia with and without Bilingualism, means what? Because Diglossia defined as A characteristic of speech communities not individual. Why not individual? Because individual might be a bilingual. And communities are Diglossia Why in Haiti people are unable to contribute in more formal domains? Because: 90% are monolingual(use Creole)

18. What is potential Relation bw Diglossia and bilingualism? When you say Diglossia, that means there should be someone who speaks two languages, these 2 language are required to cover all the domains… most individuals are bi-lingual.

19. or A criteria that generalized to cover any situation where two language are used for diff. functions in speech community. Specially when: one language is used as H functions and the other is used as L function.

20. Compare between H and L varities: H CodeL Code is Prestige varietyLow variety learned at schoolit learned at home H are codified to dictionary and grammar books Not all Literature is written in H not in L Some literature written in L variety

21. Poly-glossia (P:32)  where a community uses more than 2 languages.  Sometime there 2H varieties.  Two varieties H langauge or H&L language may exist in the same area for a centuries. (Arabic and Haiti)

22. Truth about Diglossia Diglossia is described as stable situation One day one variety may replace another gradually. Two varieties HL or HLL may exist in the same area for a centuries. (Arabic and Haiti) L variety may expand and become more formal domains.

23. What does code switching mean and use? Is to Insertion or linguistic tag in the other language. Ethnic identity marker. It signal accent and personal identity also. speaker and listener are close. Change occurs because the change of the topic. if they want to speak about specific topic to express affective meaning(her feeling) For cursing or abuse someone or to say jokes or remarks about the someone who doesn’t speak your LL

24. But, opposite when do we switch from L to H(formal)? (P:40) 1. when you want to express disapproval. 2. Because, they are angry Look at P: 40 3. That means switching always express referential Continue in the Next Lecture