1. Internet sex offenders: typology and risk. Ethel Quayle New Directions in Sex Offender Practice. University of Birmingham 2016

2. At the heart of ideas and inspiration New Directions in Sex Offender Practice. University of Birmingham 2016

4. How Common is Men's Self-Reported Sexual Interest in Prepubescent Children? 8,718 German men –4.1% reported sexual fantasies involving prepubescent children –3.2% reported sexual offending against prepubescent children –0.1% reported a pedophilic sexual preference. –Sexual fantasies involving prepubescent children positively related to sexual offending against prepubescent children. –Sexual interest in children was associated with subjectively perceived need for therapeutic help. –Men who reported child pornography use exclusively were identified as a subgroup differing from contact sexual offenders against prepubescent children and men who reported both child pornography use and contact sexual offenses against prepubescent children. New Directions in Sex Offender Practice. University of Birmingham 2016 Dombert, Schmidt, Banse, Briken, Hoyer, Neutze & Osterheider (2016) The Journal of Sex Research, 53:2, 214-223

5. CP consumption in a community sample (Ray et al. 2014) Anonymous online survey of CP consumption in men who use pornography. 21% of sample reported using CP. Probability greater amongst men who scored high on a measure of sensation seeking who reported frequent pornography use. CP consumers also reported a greater interest in engaging in sexual contact with a minor than non- CP consumers.

6. New Directions in Sex Offender Practice. University of Birmingham 2016 Sexual interest in children? Among 173 men, 6% indicated some likelihood of having sex with a child if they were guaranteed they would not be caught or punished, as did 2% of 262 women. 9% of males and 3% of females indicated some likelihood of viewing child pornography on the Internet. –Wurtele et al. (2014)

7. Offences involving sexual images of children: New Directions in Sex Offender Practice. University of Birmingham 2016 IIOC offences Contact offences Online grooming Possession Distribution Production Exhibitionism Voyeurism Coercive self-taken images

8. 1st Forensic Psychiatry Conference, University of Lahore 2016

9. Individuals Peers Groups Child abuse and exploitation online by... Quayle, Lööf & Palmer, 2008 New Directions in Sex Offender Practice. University of Birmingham 2016

10. 1st Forensic Psychiatry Conference, University of Lahore 2016 Exposure to sexual images Commercial sexual exploitation Exposure to sexual acts Live streaming Sexual chat Sexual games From a victim perspective?

11. Cross-Straits Sexting? Thinking about Internet offenders? Categorical models? – Different types of offenders (focus on topography) Functional models – The function of the activity (focus on function rather than topography). New Directions in Sex Offender Practice. University of Birmingham 2016

12. Does the content of the images matter? New Directions in Sex Offender Practice. University of Birmingham 2016

14. Typology of pictures (Taylor, Holland & Quayle, 2001) 10 levels 1.Indicative 2.Nudist 3.Erotica 4.Posing Legal/illegal? 5. Erotic posing 6. Explicit erotic posing 7. Explicit sexual activity 8. Assault 9. Gross assault 10. Sadistic/bestiality. New Directions in Sex Offender Practice. University of Birmingham 2016

15. UK SAP Guidelines Level 1: Nudity or erotic posing with no sexual activity Level 2: Sexual activity between children or solo masturbation Level 3: Non penetrative sexual activity between adult(s) and child(ren) Level 4: Penetrative sexual activity between adult(s) and child(ren) Level 5: Sadism or bestiality New Directions in Sex Offender Practice. University of Birmingham 2016

16. Sentencing Guidelines (2013) Prohibited Images Grooming Gillespie (personal communication) New Directions in Sex Offender Practice. University of Birmingham 2016

17. 4 types of prohibited images. –Adult obscene material. –(Adult) extreme pornography. –Prohibited Images of Children. –Indecent Photographs of Children. Prohibited Images New Directions in Sex Offender Practice. University of Birmingham 2016

18. Indecent Photograph of Children Category A Category B Category C Images involving penetrative sexual activity. Images involving sexual activity with an animal or which are sadistic. Images involving non- penetrative sexual activity. Indecent images not falling within Category A or Category B. B. Ordinarily the intrinsic character of the most serious of the offending images will initially determine the appropriate category. If, however, the most serious images are unrepresentative of the offender’s conduct a lower category may be appropriate. A lower category will not be appropriate if the offender has produced or taken images of a higher category. Pseudo-images are not mentioned.

19. Starting Points. New Directions in Sex Offender Practice. University of Birmingham 2016

20. Age and/or vulnerability of child depicted. Discernable pain or distress suffered by child depicted. Child depicted known to the offender. Period over which image were possessed, distributed or produced. Collection includes moving images. High volume of images possessed, distributed or produced. Placing images where there is the potential for a high- volume of viewers. Large number of different victims. Aggravating Factors New Directions in Sex Offender Practice. University of Birmingham 2016

21. Deliberate or systematic searching for images portraying young children, category A images or the portrayal of familial sexual abuse. Child depicted intoxicated or drugged. Attempts to dispose or conceal evidence. Abuse of trust. Active involvement in a network or process that facilitates or commissions the creation or sharing of indecent images of children. Commercial exploitation and/or motivation. Aggravating Factors New Directions in Sex Offender Practice. University of Birmingham 2016

22. No previous convictions or no relevant convictions. Remorse. Previous good character and/or exemplary conduct. Age and/or lack of maturity where it affects the responsibility of the offender. Mental disorder or learning disability, particularly where linked to the commission of the offence. Demonstration of steps taken to address offending behaviour. Mitigating Factors New Directions in Sex Offender Practice. University of Birmingham 2016

23. Trends in USA 2000-2006 n both 2006 and 2000, most offenders were White, non-Hispanic males and socio-economically diverse. Few were convicted of previous sex crimes. Most had CP that depicted pre-teen children and serious sexual abuse. By 2006, a higher proportion of offenders were 18 to 25, used peer-to-peer (p2p) networks, had images of children younger than three and CP videos. P2p users had more extreme images (e.g., younger victims, sexual violence) and larger numbers of images than those who did not use p2p networks. Child Pornography Possessors: Trends in Offender and Case Characteristics Janis Wolak, David Finkelhor, and Kimberly Mitchell SEX ABUSE 2011;23 22-42 New Directions in Sex Offender Practice. University of Birmingham 2016

24. NJOV 3 (Wolak, 2012) Of arrested groomers who met their victims online: – 53% were aged 25 or less – Fewer possessed child pornography than in two previous surveys – About 1/3 of cases involved youth-produced sexual images

25. New Directions in Sex Offender Practice. University of Birmingham 2016 US child pornographers In the United States, number of arrests for the production of child pornography more than doubled between 2006 and 2009. This rise was largely associated with a substantial increase in cases involving “youth-produced” sexual images. In most of these cases, the images were solicited from their adolescent victims by adult offenders, and these were the people most likely to be arrested. By 2009, the majority of victims of child pornography production were teenagers.

26. “… one of the most challenging issues continues to be the difficulty in placing Internet sex offenders into categories… Internet sex offenders comprise a heterogeneous population and that there appears to be a lack of a coherent and agreed framework for defining their activity”. Aslan (2011) New Directions in Sex Offender Practice. University of Birmingham 2016

27. Early typology of image offenders: Child pornography and erotica are used for the sexual arousal and gratification of pedophiles. A second use of child pornography and erotica is to lower children’s inhibitions. A third major use of child pornography collections is blackmail. A fourth use of child pornography and erotica is as a medium of exchange. A fifth use of the collected material is profit. – Lanning (2001; 2012)

28. New Directions in Sex Offender Practice. University of Birmingham 2016 Lanning’s typology Situational Offenders – “normal” adolescent/adult – morally indiscriminate – profiteers Preferential Offenders – pedophile offender – diverse offender – latent individuals Miscellaneous “Offenders” – media reporters – pranksters – older “boyfriends” – overzealous civilians

29. Krone, 2004 New Directions in Sex Offender Practice. University of Birmingham 2016

30. Elliott & Beech (2009) Typology (1) periodically prurient offenders (access impulsively and sporadically as part of a larger interest in pornography) (2) fantasy-only offenders (those who access/trade images to fuel a sexual interest in children and who have no known history of (3) direct victimization offenders (who utilize online technologies as part of a larger pattern of contact and non- contact sexual offending), including child pornography and (4) commercial exploitation offenders, consisting of the criminally-minded who produce or trade images to make money New Directions in Sex Offender Practice. University of Birmingham 2016

31. Fantasy driven Contact driven TRADITIONAL SEX OFFENDER ASSESSMENT/TRE ATMENT FANTASY DRIVEN ASSESSMENT/TRE ATMENT GENERAL CRIMINAL ASSESSMENT/TRE ATMENT LOW/HIGH NETWORKING MOTIVATION FINANCIALOTHER GENERALLY PAEDOPHILE DEVIANT Merdian et al., 2013

32. New Directions in Sex Offender Practice. University of Birmingham 2016 Both typologies focus on whether the motivation is to enable fantasy or direct contact victimization. This distinction has also been noted in relation to offenders who attempt to entice an adolescent into a sexual relationship using an Internet chat room (Briggs et al., 2011).

33. Typology of online solicitation offenders. A qualitative, empirically based typology of offenders who use online communications to commit sex crimes against minors. Seventy-five reports made by law enforcement officers were analyzed using a qualitative software program, during which a typology defining 4 types of offenders: the expert, the cynical, the affection-focused, and the sex- focused. Each type of offender was characterized by patterns of online communication, offline and online identity, relationship dynamics with the victim, and level of sex crime expertise. New Directions in Sex Offender Practice. University of Birmingham 2016 Tener, Wolak & Finkelhor (2015). A Typology of Offenders Who Use Online Communications to Commit Sex Crimes Against Minors. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 24(3), 319-337.

34. Psychological variables?

35. New Directions in Sex Offender Practice. University of Birmingham 2016 Demographics and criminal histories Internet offenders: lower frequency of prior criminal offending and substance abuse, and higher rates of pre-incarceration employment and level of education. Internet offenders showing lower rates of re-offense for most measures of recidivism. –Faust et al. (2014)

36. Internet sexual offenders? Cluster analysis of 422 Internet-based sexual offenders according to scores on a standard psychometric screening battery. 3 clusters: apparently normal; inadequate; deviant. Inadequate cluster had clear socio-affective deficits, but were not high in pro-offending measures. The deviant group were characterised by very poor victim empathy (Henry et al., 2010). Insecure attachment, social avoidance, distress (Armstrong et al., 2016) New Directions in Sex Offender Practice. University of Birmingham 2016

37. Clinical and personality characteristics (Magaletta et al., 2012): Sample drawn from admissions cohort of US federal offenders 35 ICPOs and 26 CM compared with male normative sample from PAI (Personality Assessment Inventory). ICPOs  interpersonal deficits and depression and lower scores on aggression and dominance. New Directions in Sex Offender Practice. University of Birmingham 2016

38. Psychological profiles of IO, CO and dual offenders (Elliot et al., 2013) Two factors that distinguished the groups: –offence-supportive attitudes and identification with fictional characters –higher levels of empathic concern and poorer self-management Further study by Marshall et al. (2011) – IO and CO differed on measures of obsessive-compulsive disorder and loneliness. New Directions in Sex Offender Practice. University of Birmingham 2016

39. Contact offenders, voyeurs and exhibitionists (Jung et al., 2013). 50 CP, 45 voyeurs or exhibitionists, 101 contact offenders Similar in relation to personality traits, psychiatric history, intimate relationships, sexual and childhood history. Between gp diffs on academic achievement and elementary school behaviour. CP offenders fewer children and more likely to be single at time of offence. Access? Relationships lacking social warmth – skills deficits and anxiety problems? Greater internal and external inhibitions. New Directions in Sex Offender Practice. University of Birmingham 2016

40. A Matter of Low Self-Control? 3 gps: CP possession; CP production/distribution; Internet online sexual exploitation. CP producers/distributers engaged in a greater number of behaviors indicative of low self-control compared with CP possessors. –(a) had problems with drugs/alcohol at the time of the crime and –(b) been previously violent. Full time employment and marital status may be important for CP offenders. Clevenger et al. (2014) Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 1–17

41. CP offenders are different to contact offenders? Contact sex offenders more likely to have access to children. Internet offenders had greater access to the internet plus more psychological barriers to SO. Contact offenders and mixed offenders antisociality. Babchishin, K., Hanson, R., & Vanzuylen, H. (2015). Online Child Pornography Offenders are Different: A Meta-analysis of the Characteristics of Online and Offline Sex Offenders Against Children. Archives Of Sexual Behavior, 44. New Directions in Sex Offender Practice. University of Birmingham 2016

42. Accessing IIOC Accessing children online Committing a contact offence Risk? New Directions in Sex Offender Practice. University of Birmingham 2016

43. Known producer Sexual preferences Previous convictions Number of images Access to children Age of victims In terms of risk, what do we prioritise?

44. Contact offending histories of Internet offenders Meta-analysis of 21 samples of online offenders regarding their contact sexual offending histories 1 in 8 online offenders had an officially known history of contact sexual offending. 50% of the online offenders acknowledged having committed a contact sexual offence Seto et al., 2011. New Directions in Sex Offender Practice. University of Birmingham 2016

45. Polygraph and ISOs  Difference between disclosure in:  Number of contact victimisations  Level of victimisation within chosen images and in preference of images.  Tactical polygraphs? 127 suspects with no known history of contact offending. Moved from 4.7% to 52.8% disclosures.  Buschman et al. (2010) Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol, 54, 395  Bourke et al. (2014) New Directions in Sex Offender Practice. University of Birmingham 2016

46. Stumbling into Sexual Crime: The Passive Perpetrator in Accounts by Male Internet Sex Offenders Downplayed individual choice and agency: stressful life events; computer-generated links and ‘‘pop-ups’’ used as excuses. Owned up to searching for, acquiring, and archiving images rather than specifying preferred content or describing sexual engagement with the material. Described obsession to help explain—and mitigate— the progression to illicit images, highlighting personal and social costs and a chain of events beyond conscious control. –Winder et al. (2014)

47. Seto & Eke (2005; 2006; 2008; ) Criminal records of child pornography offenders listed on Ontario Sex Offender Registry n= 201 adult males 2.5 yr follow up4% contact sexual offence 3.6 yr follow up 6.6% new contact sexual offence 5.9 yr follow up 8.5% new contact sexual offence Online escalating to offline? BUT includes offenders who also committed contact offences Prior conviction for sex or violence was best predictor of new contact offence New Directions in Sex Offender Practice. University of Birmingham 2016

48. Meta-Analysis of 9 studies with recidivism n = 2,630 4.6% committed a new sexual offence in 1.5 – 6 year follow up 1,247 online offenders by type of new offence 2% (n = 25) with contact sexual offence 3.4% (n = 43) with new online offence Contact Sexual Offending by Men with Online Sexual Offences Seto, Hanson and Babchishin 2011 Sexual Abuse: 23(1) 124-145 New Directions in Sex Offender Practice. University of Birmingham 2016

49. Contact Sexual Offending by Men with Online Sexual Offences (p 36) Seto, Hanson and Babchisin 2011 Sexual Abuse: 23(1) 124-145 “Our second meta-analysis found that online offenders rarely go on to commit detected sexual offences. During the follow-up period (up to 6 years) less than 5% of the online offenders were caught for a new sexual or violent offence” New Directions in Sex Offender Practice. University of Birmingham 2016

50. Research on the offence histories of Internet offenders and the likelihood of future offending would suggest that with a longer period post offence more offenders are detected for new offences, with recidivism for contact sexual offences predicted by criminal history, and in particular violent offense history and the age of the offender at the time of their first conviction. Eke, Seto & Williams (2010). New Directions in Sex Offender Practice. University of Birmingham 2016

51. Importantly, also examined failures on conditional release, in particular where offenders put themselves in ‘risky’ situations, such as being alone with children. ¼ of the extended sample charged with failures - consistent with other sex offender groups. Failures included breaches of conditions about being alone with children, accessing the Internet and contacting children and downloading child abuse materials, as well as other violations which were non-sexual or indicated non-compliance. New Directions in Sex Offender Practice. University of Birmingham 2016

52. Risk factors specific to child pornography?  Age at first offence (24 years and younger)  Any prior criminal history  Low education  Single  Sexual interest in children  Substance use problems  (Eke & Seto, 2012) New Directions in Sex Offender Practice. University of Birmingham 2016

53. Relationship between indecent image possession and contact offending? 60 offenders (30 dual offenders and 30 non-contact) in terms of the quantity of IIOC, types of IIOC, and offending behavior. Groups discriminated by: –previous convictions, –access to children –the number, proportion, and type of IIOC viewed. Long et al., (2012) New Directions in Sex Offender Practice. University of Birmingham 2016

54. Prioritizing child pornography notifications: Predicting direct victimization (Smid et al., 2014) Used the COPINE Scale to rate the severity of images but took Level 10 and extracted ‘child being tied, bound, beaten, whipped, or otherwise subjected to something that implies pain’ as a separate variable. 83 IIOC only and 67 mixed suspects. New Directions in Sex Offender Practice. University of Birmingham 2016

55. Outcome? Greater prevalence of direct victimisation among mixed suspects than CP only (90% vs 10%) For CP only suspects, direct victimisation predicted by: –(a) prior police contacts, charges, or convictions concerning noncontact sexual offending, –(b) the confiscation of more than two computers during the house search, and –(c) more serious nature of the CP material that formed the basis for the notification in terms of younger victims and more extreme content. New Directions in Sex Offender Practice. University of Birmingham 2016

56. Risk factors specific to child pornography? 244 UK adult male offenders convicted of offences involving indecent images of children (IIOC): 120 had a previous contact child sexual offence (McManus et al. 2015) –access to children, previous offence history, sexual grooming and possession of IIOC that depicts similar-aged victims. –In contrast, non-contact offenders could be identified from their greater amount and wider range of IIOC possession. Similar results from Faust et al. (2015) New Directions in Sex Offender Practice. University of Birmingham 2016

57. Predicting contact offenders? Internet child pornography offenders were low on Anti-social Behaviour and high on Internet Preoccupation. Dual offenders high on both. Child molesters with no Internet child pornography offence were high on Anti-social Behaviour and low on Internet Preoccupation. –Lee et al., (2012) Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, Vol. 18, No. 4, 644– 672 New Directions in Sex Offender Practice. University of Birmingham 2016

58. Existing risk measures (Wakeling et al., 2011)? Compared validity of RM2000 and OGRS 3 for predicting recidivism by ISO Sample of 1344 IO – modified version of RM2000 and rates of proven re-offending examined at 1 yr for majority of sample & 2 yrs for 994. Re-offending rates low majority was Internet related. Suggested that RM2000R does have utility. New Directions in Sex Offender Practice. University of Birmingham 2016

59. A new risk assessment tool: CPORT (Seto & Eke, 2015) CPORT items comprised younger offender age, any prior criminal history, any contact sexual offending, any failure on conditional release, indication of sexual interest in child pornography material or prepubescent or pubescent children, more boy than girl content in child pornography, and more boy than girl content in other child depictions. CPORT significantly associated with any sexual recidivism, with moderate predictive accuracy - promise in the risk assessment of adult male child pornography offenders with further cross-validation. New Directions in Sex Offender Practice. University of Birmingham 2016