1. Short Term Causes of World War Two Review 4

2. Short Term Causes of World War Two Very Important: This topic has overlap. 1)Part of Paper One 2)Part of Adolf Hitler’s rise to power – Paper 2 3)Part of Paper Three: Topic 8 – Interwar Years: Conflict and Cooperation 1919 – 1939 Therefore: Know it well!

3. Short Term Causes of World War Two Reminder: Short term causes is NOT only about Europe – but also about Asia, specifically Japan. Firstly: Let’s analyse the lead up to war in Europe. Again, there will be over lap between the long term causes and the short term causes. It is important to understand the political and economic situation in Germany.

4. Short Term Causes of World War Two Europe: Hitler’s Rise. 1)Weakness of the Weimar The Kaiser abdicated and a new government took power. Led by Friedrich Ebert Read below a short biography about Ebert. http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/friedrich _ebert.htm

5. Short Term Causes of World War Two Europe: Hitler’s Rise. 1)Weakness of the Weimar Ebert was a member of the Social Democratic Party – Left wing Violence in Berlin meant the new government would be established in Weimar It was the government of Ebert that had to sign the Treaty of Versailles. (How do you think the fact that Ebert had to sign the Treaty impacted on German public opinion? And if it was so unpopular, why then did he sign it?)

6. Short Term Causes of World War Two Europe: Hitler’s Rise. 1)Weakness of the Weimar Problem No. 1: The Mythology of the “Stab in the Back”. Ending World War One A German National Party election poster form 1924, the words in the original powers said; “Who stabbed the German armies in the back in the World War? Whose fault is it that our People and Fatherland must sink so deep into misfortune?’

7. Short Term Causes of World War Two Europe: Hitler’s Rise. 1)Weakness of the Weimar Why might many Germans have wanted to believe in the idea that their soldiers had been stabbed in the back by the leaders of the Weimar Republic? Germany’s army was a great fighting force Germans did not believe they had lost the war or were in fact losing the war. Propaganda helped with that impression. Limited territory had been lost to the victors – what about the East? Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. Approach for an armistice based on Wilson’s 14 Points A belief by Germans of being a great and influential nation Those that had signed the Treaty were “Unpatriotic” they were ‘enemies of Germany’! Communists, Jews, Traitors.

8. Short Term Causes of World War Two Europe: Hitler’s Rise. 1)Weakness of the Weimar Problem No. 2: The Treaty of Versailles and how it affected the German economy. The Treaty weakened Germany already suffering from the after effects of the war Lost territory - over 12% of land, lost population, lost important resources, split into two so that Poland could have access to the sea, lost overseas colonies Reduction of army. (Write some details to support how severe the reduction of the military was)

9. Short Term Causes of World War Two Europe: Hitler’s Rise. 1)Weakness of the Weimar Problem No. 2: The Treaty of Versailles and how it affected the German economy. War guilt clause imposed on Germany. (How did that impact on the economy?)

10. Short Term Causes of World War Two Europe: Hitler’s Rise. 1)Weakness of the Weimar Problem No. 2: The Treaty of Versailles and how it affected the German economy. Reparations to be paid, mostly to France and Belgium Not permitted to join the League of Nations What was the reaction to the Treaty? HumiliationBitternessAnger RevengeUnacceptableWho to blame? Betrayal

11. Short Term Causes of World War Two 1)Weakness of the Weimar Problem No. 2: The Treaty of Versailles and how it affected the German economy. A cartoon published in a German newspaper in July 1919. It shows Clemenceau, Prime Minister of France, as a vampire feeding on Germany.

12. Short Term Causes of World War Two 1)Weakness of the Weimar Problem No. 2: The Treaty of Versailles and how it affected the German economy. A cartoon published in Germany in 1919. The mother is saying to the child, 'when we have paid one hundred billion marks then I can give you something to eat.'

13. Short Term Causes of World War Two 1)Weakness of the Weimar Problem No. 3: Political Violence The Weimar Republic was democratic – But there were problems with the constitution. Proportional Representation = for Germany meant too many political parties and difficult to get laws passed. Review: What is Proportional Representation? What exactly was wrong with the constitution? Read this: http://www.johndclare.net/Weimar3.htmhttp://www.johndclare.net/Weimar3.htm

14. Short Term Causes of World War Two 1)Weakness of the Weimar Problem No. 3: Political Violence Left wing: Spartacist Movement Communist “Red Army” of 50 000 workers in the Ruhr region

15. Short Term Causes of World War Two 1)Weakness of the Weimar Problem No. 3: Political Violence Right wing: Freikorps units Nazi Party led by Adolf Hitler

16. Short Term Causes of World War Two 1)Weakness of the Weimar Problem No. 4: Invasion of the Ruhr and Hyperinflation Make a timeline of this event. Don’t forget to add dates! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h- 7YCcZUXmw Review, by watching the event on YouTube.

17. Short Term Causes of World War Two Invasion of the Ruhr. French troops in the Ruhr Hands off the Ruhr

18. Short Term Causes of World War Two 2) The Great Depression 1929 How did an economic collapse thousands of Kilometers away and across the Atlantic Ocean have such a devastating impact on the German economy in 1929? Explain. Key words and phrases: Dawes PlanYoung Plan Impact: Unemployment, bank collapse, economic problems, inflation, strong leadership – extremist groups, political issues

19. Short Term Causes of World War Two 3) The rise of the National Socialist German Worker’s Party. – NAZI – Fascism In 1923 the leader of the NAZI party, Adolf Hitler was imprisoned for his role in the Munich Putsch. HOW did he rise to power within 7 years?

20. Short Term Causes of World War Two 1923: Nazis March into Munich following the Hitler Putsch or Beer-Hall Putsch. https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/history/euro- hist/hitler-nazis/v/hitler-s-beer-hall-putsch Explain the causes and consequences of the Munich Putsch of 1923.

21. Short Term Causes of World War Two 3) The rise of the National Socialist German Worker’s Party. NAZI – Fascism Defendants in the Beer Hall Putsch trial. From left to right: Pernet, Weber, Frick, Kiebel, Ludendorff, Hitler, Bruckner, Röhm, and Wagner. How significant is it that there are two high ranking German military in the photo?

22. Short Term Causes of World War Two 3) The rise of the National Socialist German Worker’s Party. – NAZI – Fascism Nazi Beliefs. Self sufficient – not to rely on foreign loans Treaty of Versailles to be undone Germany to expand – unite with all Germans Lebensraum for food production and Germans to settle Minorities to be separated from Germans Communism must be opposed

23. Short Term Causes of World War Two 3) The rise of the National Socialist German Worker’s Party. – NAZI – Fascism After reading the previous slide – explain why many Germans were attracted to Adolf Hitler’s ideology.

24. Short Term Causes of World War Two 3) The rise of the National Socialist German Worker’s Party. – NAZI – Fascism IMPORTANT: After the failed Munich Putsch: Hitler changed tactics. Instead of a violent overthrow – he tried to gain control through the democratic system. The Depression gave the Nazi Party an opportunity to gain mainstream popularity.

25. Short Term Causes of World War Two https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/history/euro-hist/hitler- nazis/v/initial-rise-of-hitler-and-the-nazis

26. Short Term Causes of World War Two 3) The rise of the National Socialist German Worker’s Party. – NAZI – Fascism What did they (the NAZI’s) promise? Prosperity Make Germany great again Work for the unemployed Financial and economic growth for business Segregating Jews and communists – they were not in line with the values of a great German empire Back to conservative Germanic values – unlike the liberal cultural achievements of the Weimar republic Strength and unity in government Pride for Germans

27. Short Term Causes of World War Two 3) The rise of the National Socialist German Worker’s Party. – NAZI – Fascism Write about each of the following words. ReichstagPresident Von Hindenburg Franz von PapenChancellor Hitler, January 1933

28. Short Term Causes of World War Two 4) Foreign Polices Here it is important that you understand HOW the policies of BOTH Hitler (Germany) AND other countries (e.g. Britain, France, Soviet Union, USA) led the world to war. Be careful that in this section: Causes, practices and effects of wars you write about HOW/IMPACT OF…

29. Short Term Causes of World War Two 4) Foreign Polices Issues in Europe Economic recovery – responses to the Great Depression German desire to re-arm in order to conduct more assertive foreign policy Ineffective League of Nations – 1930’s Find out about the World Disarmament Conference in Geneva 1932. What was the German response?

30. Short Term Causes of World War Two 4) Foreign Polices Issues in Europe (how did they lead to a world war?) Germany – non-payment of reparations (good propaganda for Hitler) Polish – German Non - Aggression Pact 1934. (Weaken the Polish/French alliance) (Provides an impression that Germany had peaceful intentions with its neighbour) German re-armament programme – 1935 Saar region votes to rejoin Germany - 1935 Anglo – German Naval Treaty – 1935. What is the message of the cartoon on the next slide?

31. Short Term Causes of World War Two 4) Foreign Polices Issues in Europe (how did they lead to a world war?) The Boy Who Shouldn't Grow Up. John Bull. "There's your new navy suit. Now you must promise me you won't grow out of it.“ Germany. "Well, at all events I'll promise not to unless you grow out of yours."

32. Short Term Causes of World War Two 4) Foreign Polices Issues in Europe (how did they lead to a world war?) The Stresa Front – 1935 – 1936. Britain, France and Italy …purpose? Isolate Germany. Some historians argue that the failure of the Stresa Front was the significant event that put the world on a one way trip to war. To what extent do you agree with this statement?

33. Short Term Causes of World War Two 4) Foreign Polices Stresa Front

34. Short Term Causes of World War Two 4) Foreign Polices Stresa Front and Abyssinian Crises – 1936 Germany remilitarises the Rhineland – 1936 LEAGUE OF NATIONS? How did the League Respond?

35. Short Term Causes of World War Two 4) Foreign Polices Rome – Berlin Axis of 1936 – Fascist Governments – assisted militarily Spanish Fascist leaders in the Spanish Civil War.

36. Short Term Causes of World War Two 4) Foreign Polices Political Phrases Explained: "The Rome-Berlin Axes." Signor Mussolini. "I wonder which of us will get the keener edge?" (Hitler sharpens his axe on the Totalitarianism grindstone as Mussolini looks on happily, in a pun on the word Axis)

37. Short Term Causes of World War Two 4) Foreign Polices Spanish Civil War – Assess the role of Germany and Britain during the Spanish Civil War. How did it lead to World War Two

38. Short Term Causes of World War Two 4) Foreign Polices November 6, 1937, Berlin - Rome - Tokyo Axis formation. In In November 1937, Italy formally joined the Anti-Comintern Pact "three fascist countries banded together to form the Berlin - Rome - Tokyo Axis". WHY? For what Purpose?

39. Short Term Causes of World War Two 4) Foreign Polices Annexation of Austria – March 1938 Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia – German Speaking – Hitler to take action on their behalf 1938 Munich Agreement – 1938 – Britain begins re- arming. Germany accelerates rearmament Invasion of Czechloslovakia - 1939

40. Short Term Causes of World War Two 4) Foreign Polices Nazi – Soviet Non Aggression Pact – 1939

41. Short Term Causes of World War Two 4) Foreign Polices Issues with the ‘Polish Corridor’ – Germany invades Poland 1 st March 1939 Read Pages 85 and 86 of text (provided)