1. AP GOVERNMENT IVES 2010-2011 I. Constitutional Underpinnings

2. What is Government? What does it do? Definition: The institutions that make authoritative decisions for any given society. Institutions? Functions of Government:  National Defense  Public Services  Public Goods  Preserve Order  Socialize the Young  Collect taxes- Usually pays for… How do you decide how to spend taxes???

3. Politics Definition: The process by which we select our leaders and what policies these leaders pursue. Politics produces authoritative decisions about public issues using the policymaking system. Harold Laswell’s definition: Who gets what, When, and How Voters Benefits in people’s Voting Candidates Burdens lives Supporting Groups Over what issues Compromising Parties Lobbying

4. How to Participate in Politics Voting Protest Civil Disobedience Currently we have one of the lowest voter turn out rates in the developed world.  Who votes  Why  Vicious Circle (figure 1.2 in book) Under 25, 33% in 2000  Single Issue Groups

5. Voter turn out rates

6. How to Participate in Politics Civil Disobedience Protest Voting Currently we have one of the lowest voter turn out rates in the developed world.  Who votes  Why  Vicious Circle (figure 1.2 in book) Under 25, 33% in 2000  Single Issue Groups

7. Policymaking System So…  Through politics we select our leaders who then full fill positions in government (Congress, Courts, President) and they in turn make policy using the policymaking system. This system reveals the way our government respond to the priorities of its people

11. Democracy Not all the same Definition: Means of selecting policymakers and of organizing government so that policy represents and responds to the public’s preferences.  Justice, Freedom, Peace  Founding Fathers? P 15  Common Definition  Direct and Indirect

12. American Democracy vs. Traditional Democratic theory Traditional Democratic Theory (the Ideal)  Equality in voting  Effective Participation  Enlightened Understanding  Citizen Control of the Agenda  Inclusion  Majority Rule/ Minority Rights  Representation Example of these rights clashing?

13. Who really governs? Who has power? Who makes policy? When one governs, one seeks power, one establishes policy Theories  Majoritarianism  Pluralist Theory  Elite and Class Theory  Hyperpluralism  Theory of One  Until about 1800  Divine Right Power

14. Political Theorists Represent These Theories Hume- 1734-1750’s - Human nature that man was evil...Gov’t by the many with negotiation and compromise promoting a union and eventually establishing a republic. Hobbes- one needs an inherited monarchy to promote the legitimacy of gov’t. Absolutism rules...Self interest is nat’l interest. Locke - 1689 - social contract theory - Life, liberty and property - Consent of the gov’t by Parliament( few) who had a stake in society because it represented people of property...poor people don’t lose much when life deteriorates. Rousseau - Rule by all - a complete democracy -- Mobacracy - or maybe Direct Democracy. Montesquieu- Separation of state powers: executive; legislative; judicial, Classification of systems of government based on their principles

15. Theories and Theorists on a Spectrum Rousseau Hume / Locke Hobbes All Many Few One Hyperpluralism Pluralism Elite/Class Theory of One Left Right

16. Reading and Ven Diagram Take the two readings from Locke and Rousseau and compare and contrast their ideas using a vien diagram and fill out the chart for the philosophers. Do this for tomorrow

17. Challenges to our Democracy. Do we have one? (Traditional Democratic Theory) Increased technical Expertise  Elite Experts  Well Informed Decisions Limited participation in Government  Don’t vote  Don’t research Escalating Campaign Costs  Reliance on PACs and Interest groups  Who is being represented? Diverse political Interests  Policy Gridlock- veto power They Fit Together

18. Our Democracy Scope  How big and what issues it addresses Comparison  To other developed countries we devote a smaller percentage of our resources to government to government  Our tax burden is smaller  Why? Individualism END OF CHAPTER 1 And your quiz will be…

19. Starpower The following exercise will provide us with some political observations concerning human nature, power, competition and something often referred to as the state of nature. Follow the rules carefully for infractions, either minor or major, will cost you points. This simulation is comprised of three rounds:  Trading round  Scoring round  Bonus round

20. Starpower In this simulation...one’s goal is to accumulate points. The more points you have...the more power one acquires. ALSO, the more points you accumulate, the higher the GRADE you will acquire. How does one accumulate points? This is accomplished by trading one’s chips one has selected during the opening round.

21. Starpower Step One: Upon entering the room, students MUST be silent. Step Two: Each student will select five chips randomly from the container. Any FIVE chips will do; for at this point the chips hold no value. The student, however, will NOT divulge the contents of their selection to anyone except the instructor. Their selection is secret. Step Three: Display the score sheet, informing the students the value of their chips. Remember the goal of this exercise is to score points...The more points the better your grade! Some students, because of LUCK, have a lot of points...some students DO NOT!

22. Trading Round Step Four: During this round students will trade chips with each other to score more points. Students currently have five chips in their possession...but they can now trade for more chips and eventually collect six, seven or more chips depending upon the effectiveness of their trading. BUT...students can only count their best FIVE chips when adding up their points. Trading round rules are:  You must hold hands when pursuing a trade  No talking unless holding hands  ALL trades must be of unequal value...i.e. one cannot trade a white chip for a white chip...but one can trade a red chip for two green chips.

23. Scoring Round Once a student wishes to stop trading, they fold their arms, Count up their chips, turn them in to the instructor, and write the scores on the board under the proper category.

24. Bonus Round Each group will be given 60 bonus points. The groups have 10 minutes to dispense the points by either giving one student 60 points; two students, 40 pts and one receiving 20 pts; OR three students receiving 20 points. All decisions are must be made by majority rule. IF some students are unruly, they may be momentarily removed from the group by majority vote until the next round begins. Once the points have been allocated, change the scores on the board for those receiving the bonus points.

25. Starpower Debriefing Directions: Complete the following in a one page synopsis. It must be typed (12 point font, standard margins, double spaced) and at least one page in length. 20 points. Due Thursday, September 20. (write this on your paper) Questions to consider:  What was the purpose of this demonstration?  What was the symbol of power in this demonstration.  How did one know their standing?  How did the simulation involve the quest for power, human nature, greed, competition?  How did you respond to the rule changes in the context of your role?  What three democratic institutions could prevent such an abuse of power as experienced in the simulation?  How could this simulation tie into the Traditional Democratic Theory or the power theories?

26. The Bumpy Road to Revolution (chapter 2) I Components of a revolution a. People (1). LEADER - (2). FOLLOWERS (a). RADICALS (b). MASSES b. THEME- Locke’s model - natural rights, consent of the governed, limited gov’t, standing laws... c. CAUSE -Dec of Indep had 27 of its ideas listing the evil deeds of the king. d. RECOGNITION e. RESOURCES (1). INTERNAL (2). EXTERNAL f. OPPRESSOR g. MARTYR h. SPARK i. PROPAGANDA: II Revolution’s intent: restore rights that the king had taken away from us... Declaration of Independence!

27. The Declaration of Independence Pg 699-700 With a partner read the declaration and consider the following:  What is the majority of the document concerned with doing?  Which Philosopher(s) do you see? (table 2.1)  What are some of the infractions committed by “he”?  Who is this document distributed to, who is it for?  What is it designed to do?  Looking at it from an outside perspective, what could this document be considered?

28. The first Constitution and its issues A victory brings a new government  Articles of Confederation  “league of friendship and perpetual unity” between 13 states What could it do… Worse, what couldn’t it do (see handout)

29. Shays’s rebellion Annapolis Convention, 1786 called by Virginia 5 states; 12 delegates Called for a meeting in Philadelphia “the sole and expressed purpose of revising the Articles of confederation” Shays’s Rebellion showed its true weaknesses Economic strife showed the national government couldn’t protect its citizens.

30. The Philadelphia Convention 55 delegates Ignored revision of the Articles because of the unanimous consent clause Began writing a new Constitution Who were the delegates?  Hofstadter Article

31. Where did they agree? Human Nature Political Conflict  Factions (Federalist #10)  Please read it and answer the questions  Objects of Government Nature of Government  Branches and Checks and balances  (Federalist #51)  Ditto on the #10 deadline James Madison

32. The Agenda in Philadelphia Equality Issues  Representation  New Jersey Plan vs. Virginia Plan (back of Articles handout)  Connecticut Compromise  Slavery  3/5 th Compromise  Political Equality Economic Issues Individual Rights

33. The Economic Issues

35. Individual Rights Please prioritize the Bill of Rights Summarize your reasons for your highest and lowers ranking Do individually

36. Individual Rights The Constitution says little about personal freedoms Why?  P43 in your book includes examples

37. Madisonian Model James Madison- “father of the Constitution” “ Ambition must be made to counteract ambition…If men were angels, no government would be necessary. If angels were to govern men, neither external nor internal controls would be necessary. In framing a government which is to be administered by men over men, the great difficulty lies in this: you must first enable the government to control the governed; and then in the next place oblige it to control itself.” -Federalist #51 Avoiding tyranny of the majority

38. Madisonian Model 1. Limit Control of the Majority 2. Separation of Powers 3. Checks and Balances ● Examples? ● Judicial Review 4. Federalism 5. Create a Republic

39. Marbury vs. Madison After election of 1800 Dem-Republicans v. Federalists Jefferson President John Adams outgoing President To date 150 cases where Supremes declared federals acts unconstitutional. About 1000 state cases

40. Madisonian Model 1. Limit Control of the Majority 2. Separation of Powers 3. Checks and Balances ● Examples? ● Judicial Review 4. Federalism 5. Create a Republic

41. Ratification The Constitution had to go back to the states for ratification (9 of 13) Federalists and Anti-Federalists Supporters of the Constitution Publius Federalist Papers Opponents of Constitution Class-Based Document Lack of enumerated freedoms Weaken powers of the states

43. Ratification The Federalists promised to add provisions to the Constitution to protect personal freedoms.

44. Ratification The Constitution was to be ratified at special state conventions, not by the state legislatures. Why? 1 st Delaware, 12/7/1787 9 th New Hampshire, 5/1788 Virginia & New York?

45. Amending the Constitution Formally  Article V  Chart on page 52  Change the letter of the Constitution ProposalRatification Proposed by 2/3 vote in each house of Congress Proposed at a national convention called by Congress at the request of 2/3 of the state legislatures Ratified by the legislatures of ¾ of the states Ratified by special convention called in ¾ of the states

46. Amending the Constitution Informally  The Constitution is a living document.  Oldest working constitution.  Unwritten body or tradition, practice, and procedure that when altered, may change the spirit of the Constitution.  Judicial Interpretation  Political Practice  Parties  Electoral College  Changes in Technology

47. Flexibility Skeleton Less than 8,000 words Living Constitution Oldest functioning constitution Moving towards democracy

48. The Constitution Articles  #, subject, largest Congress  Powers, houses, #, each state #  Duties Executive  Duties, limits, checks Judicial  Duties, checks, limits Examples of checks and balances Amendments  Bill of Rights

49. Federalism (Chapter 3) A way of organizing a nation so that two or more levels of government have formal authority over the same land and people. It is a system of shared power between units of government. The workings of the Federal Government-  Intergovernmental Relations Difference between Unitary, Confederate and Federal Systems (On 2006 AP Test)

50. Comparing the 3 Systems Unitary (Most Common) Confederation (EU, WTO, G8, UN, Star Trek) Successful? Federal NationalGovernment ●All power (sovereignty) resides here ●Regulates activities and existence of the states ● limited powers to coordinate state activity ● Most unicameral ● Shares power with the states StateGovernment ●little or no power ●duties regulated by the national government ● Sovereign ● Allocate some duties to the national government ● Shares power with national government Citizens ●vote for national government officials ● Vote for state government officials ● Vote for both state and national government officials

51. Unitary vs. Federalism We have a federal system in terms of the relationship between the national government and the states All of the states are Unitary in structure.  Local governments get their authority from the states.  They can be created or abolished by the states

52. Importance of Federalism Decentralization  Of politics  Senators  Electoral College  Of policies  Who controls it? What should be done? Allows policy innovations at the state level Enhances judicial power

53. Why did the founding fathers create a federal system? The only alternative would have been to abolish the states and create an absolute central state. Needed this type of structure for the new government to work.  People very loyal to their states  Very dispersed (transportation, communication) Only practical choice

54. The Division of Power The framers carefully outlined the powers of the national and state governments  Table 3.2 (pg 71) Know this!  Article IV, Section 4 Supremacy Clause, Article VI 1. Constitution 2. Laws of the national Government 3. treaties

55. The Constitutional Basis of Federalism

56. Levy and collect taxes Exclusive ConcurrentReserved Coin Money Raise and maintain an army Foreign policy Commerce Declare war Est. post office Regulate trade and business within the state Est. public schools Pass license requirements for professionals Regulate alcohol Est. local governments Conduct elections borrow money Est. courts Define crimes and punishments Eminent domain

57. The Division of Power 10 th Amendment  Powers not delegated to the United States, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.”  Different interpretations  Garcia v. San Antonio Metro 10 th Amendment does not give states superior power to that of the national government for items not mentioned in the Constitution National guard, speed limits, drinking age

58. National Supremacy Four key events have largely settled the issue of how national and state powers are related: 1. Implied Powers 2. Commerce Clause 3. Civil War 4. Struggle for racial equality

59. Implied Powers McCulloch v. Maryland  “necessary and proper”  Implied powers that go beyond enumerated powers  Supremacy Clause Today a rubber band. Elastic Clause/ Necessary and Proper/ Implied powers

60. Commerce Power Congress has the power to regulate interstate and international commerce Definition of commerce? Gibbons v. Ogden  Defined commerce broadly  Today- goods, radio signals, electricity, telephone, internet, insurance transactions, restaurants, hotels

61. Commerce Cases United States v. Lopez, (1995) Seminole tribe of Florida v. Florida, (1996) Brady Handgun Bill

62. Civil War Ultimate decision concerning state sovereignty

63. Racial Equality Plessy v. Ferguson Brown v. Topeka Board of Education University of Alabama & George Wallace National standards of racial equality won over states rights

64. States obligations to each other Full faith and credit  Reciprocity  Gay Marriage  Gay marriage decisions ripe in 2 courts Gay marriage decisions ripe in 2 courts Extradition  Ultimately can’t force a state to comply  Why would a state comply?  Why wouldn’t they? Privileges and immunities  Exceptions  University tuition  Voting

66. Intergovernmental Relations Today Dual Federalism  Historic  Layer cake federalism  National: postal system, foreign policy, military  State: education, roads, law

67. Intergovernmental Relations Today Cooperative federalism  Present  Marble cake federalism  NCLB, land grant colleges, interstate highways

68. Table 3.3 on page 79

69. Intergovernmental Relations Today Fiscal federalism  Spending, taxing, grants, provide influence over states

70. Federal grants to State and Local Governments

71. Grants-in-Aid Categorical grants: main source of aid  Specific  Strings: nondiscrimination, local union wages  Cross-over sanctions Transportation- drinking age  Cross-cutting Title IX  TYPES  Project grants- teaching history, competitive  Formula grants- poor kids Block grants-broad, automatic  Welfare, community development  Reagan politics Mandates  Threats of penalties of loss of grants  Unfunded mandates ADA, prison rulings, school desegration

72. Competition Full time staffs Bacon/ pork

73. Understanding Federalism Advantages for Democracy  Increasing access to government  Local problems can be solved locally  Hard for political parties / interest groups to dominate ALL politics Disadvantages for Democracy  States have different levels of service  Local interest can counteract national interests  Too many levels of government- too much money

74. Understanding Federalism State Welfare Benefits (Figure 3.3)

76. Understanding Federalism Spending on Public Education (Figure 3.4)

77. Understanding Federalism

78. Federalism and the Scope of Government  Which level of government is best able to solve the problem?  Which level of government is best able to fund solutions to the problem?

79. Understanding Federalism The Public Sector and the Federal System (Figure 3.5)

80. Current issues in federalism Eminent Domain  Yucca Mountain  New London Case Gay Marriage Termination of Life/ Assisted Suicide National Security Issues Legalization of Marijuana Abortion Issues

81. Vocabulary Entitlement programs- a government program (such as Social Security)that allows, or entitles, a certain group of people (such as the elderly) to receive benefits. Devolution- aimed to pass on to the states many federal functions. In the 1980s under Reagan, Congress was looking for ways to scale back the activities of the national government.