1. U.S. Foreign Policy

2. FP Discussion What topic did you review? What did you find interesting? What connections did you make between U.S. policy/role in world events and the FP goals of the United States? Do our actions/policy support? Hinder? Why? Extension: How does the U.S. build and maintain credibility in the world?

3. Four Schools of Foreign Policy : Isolationism (keep focus at home) Realism (realpolitik – protect U.S. interests) –Power and practicality –Not moral/ethical principles Idealism (extension of American values) Internationalism (work multilaterally)

4. US State Department The Department's mission is to shape and sustain a peaceful, prosperous, just, and democratic world and foster conditions for stability and progress for the benefit of the American people and people everywhere. This mission is shared with the USAID, ensuring we have a common path forward in partnership as we invest in the shared security and prosperity that will ultimately better prepare us for the challenges of tomorrow.

5. GOALS (Adapted from the Department of State w/Instruments) (1) Preserving the national security of the United States and Americans. Military, economic, diplomatic. (2) Working with allies to solve international problems, values and human rights. Furthering cooperative foreign trade and global involvement in international trade organizations. Military, economic, diplomatic. (3) Promoting democratic values, promoting world peace and a secure global environment maintaining a balance of power among nations. Military, economic, diplomatic. (4) Support diplomats and other foreign service officials.

6. Diplomacy The work of maintaining good relations between the governments of different countries. Skill in dealing with others without causing bad feelings.

7. Geopolitical The study of the relationship between politics, geography and economics and how they have an influence on politics and on the relations between nations.

8. How is FP created? The President 1) -- responses to foreign events 2) -- proposals for legislation 3) -- negotiation of international agreements 4) -- policy statements 5) -- policy implementation 6) -- independent action Congress 1) -- resolutions and policy statements 2) -- legislative directives 3) -- legislative pressure 4) -- legislative restrictions/funding denials 5) -- informal advice 6) -- congressional oversight.

9. Who wields FP power? 1.President 2.State Department 3.Foreign Service 4.CIA 5.National Security Establishment: 1.NS Council: Prez, VP, S. of Defense, S. of State, etc. 2.Joint Chiefs of Staff (military – controlled by Prez)

10. Early US FP considerations Washington’s Farewell Address (1796) Advised Americans to “steer clear of permanent alliances” For 100 years, Americans generally followed his advice –Rapid economic growth –Plentiful resources to the West

11. Early US FP considerations Revolutionary War – Alliances Post War Isolationism – Why? Economics, natural resources, expansion

12. Early US FP considerations The NA Continent - Manifest Destiny and security War of 1812 Used to justify policies toward Mexico Texas and California territory annexed The Oceans and S/C America War of 1812 Monroe Doctrine 1823

13. War of 1812 Expansionism Canada Colonies in the Caribbean

14. Doctrine A stated principle of government policy, mainly in foreign or military affairs.

15. Monroe Doctrine 1823 Read the excerpt of Monroe doctrine. Select an excerpt that best represents the doctrine. In one paragraph describe how this sentence best represents what President Monroe was trying to achieve with this speech.

16. Monroe Doctrine (1823) –No “future colonization” of the Americas “by any European powers” –“The political system of [European powers] is essentially different... from America.”

17. Monroe Doctrine 1823 The three main concepts of the doctrine—separate spheres of influence for the Americas and Europe, non-colonization, and non-intervention—were designed to signify a clear break between the New World and the autocratic realm of Europe. Monroe’s administration forewarned the imperial European powers against interfering in the affairs of the newly independent Latin American states or potential United States territories.

18. Monroe Doctrine (1823) Former Spanish colonies gaining independence Attempts by Europe to colonize in the Americas would be viewed as aggression U.S. would stay out of European wars (Over time, M.D. would be broadened to support American Imperialism)

20. Is it a coincidence that many of these nations gain their independence from Spain and Portugal and Monroe articulates this doctrine?

21. Monroe Doctrine After Civil War… …in the south: 1866, France placed emperor on Mexican throne Sec. of state William Seward sent 50,000 troops to Mexican border French abandoned attempts to colonize Mexico

22. Manifest Destiny (1830s-1850s) Used to justify policies toward Mexico Texas and California territory annexed

23. Interest in the Pacific In 1853, American fleet under Commodore Matthew Perry sailed into Tokyo Bay Show of force to convince opening of trade w/ U.S. By 1860s, U.S. and several European countries were trading with Japan

24. More in the Pacific… U.S. wanted islands for refueling and repair stations 1867, U.S. annexed uninhabited Midway Island 1875, signed treaty w/ Hawaii (Annexed 1898) –Hawaiians could sell sugar duty-free in U.S. –Hawaii would not lease/sell territory to any foreign power

25. Arguments for Expansionism: 1) Economic Secure markets abroad to offset overproduction –Standard Oil, AT&T Some U.S. business leaders invested directly in foreign countries –Minor Keith in Costa Rica, influence govt. heavily –United Fruit Company exported 50 million bunches of bananas in 1913 – Controlled lands and railroads in Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras - “Banana Republics”

26. 2) National Security By 1900, the U.S. had one of the most powerful navies in the world Required refueling and repair stations to protect international shipping trade 3) Preserving American Spirit – After the closing of the frontier, what’s next? – (Frederick Jackson Turner’s Frontier Thesis) – Social Darwinism, “White Man’s Burden” – Spreading Christianity

27. F.J Turner’s Frontier Thesis - 1893 Where’s the final frontier? http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by- era/development-west/timeline-terms/frederick- jackon-turners-frontier-thesis-0

28. Roosevelt Corollary - 1904 In the early 1900s Roosevelt grew concerned that a crisis between Venezuela and its creditors could spark an invasion of that nation by European powers. As the corollary worked out in practice, the United States increasingly used military force to restore internal stability to nations in the region. Over the long term the corollary had little to do with relations between the Western Hemisphere and Europe, but it did serve as justification for U.S. intervention in Cuba, Nicaragua, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic.

29. WWI and the rise of Regimes What did the postwar world and the rise of Communism and Fascism tell us about how to fight for democratic-capitalist principles and protect our interests?

30. Truman Doctrine - 1947 With the Truman Doctrine, President Harry S. Truman established that the United States would provide political, military and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from external or internal authoritarian forces. Containment, Marshall Plan 1948.

31. Regan Doctrine - 1985 In his 1985 state of the union address, President Reagan pledged his support for anti- Communist revolutions in what would become known as the "Reagan Doctrine.“ Policy of supporting anti-Communist insurgents wherever they might be.

32. Bush Doctrine - 2001 Part of these policies are based on the belief that those who harbor terrorists should be treated the same as those who are terrorists themselves. Further, there is the idea of the preventive war such as the invasion of Iraq to stop those who might be future threats to the US.

33. Foreign Policy Questions: 1) What role should the U.S. play in the world? 2) Should citizens engage in making foreign policy as they do domestic policy? Why or why not? 3) Under what circumstances (if ever) should the U.S. use military force in the world? For what purposes? 4) How should the U.S. engage with other “great” powers? 5) To what degree does our foreign policy need to be consistent? 6) What should the U.S. do now in Afghanistan?

34. By 1898, U.S. drops isolationism –What about U.S. had changed since 1823? U.S. an industrial superpower Continental power Population up from 9.6 million to 76 million Theories of what is behind change: –Frontier closed – Frederick Jackson Turner –Overproduction of Goods –Populist movement and protests encourage need for distraction –Imperialist fever in Europe –Social Darwinism