1. Tel: 08 625 22 00 | Fax: 08 625 22 90 | E-mail: goran.karlsson@helenius.se | www.helenius.se/pg The 8 Characteristics of a good functional requirements Tel: 08 625 22 00 | Fax: 08 625 22 90 | E-mail: goran.karlsson@helenius.se | www.helenius.se/pg

2. 2 What Are the 8 Characteristics of Good Functional Requirements? Think of these characteristics as a series of filters. A good requirement will pass through all eight filters. A functional requirement is good if it is: 1.Verifiable 2.Clear and concise 3.Complete 4.Consistent 5.Traceable 6.Viable 7.Necessary 8.Implementation free

3. Tel: 08 625 22 00 | Fax: 08 625 22 90 | E-mail: goran.karlsson@helenius.se | www.helenius.se/pg 3 What Makes a FR Verifiable? A verifiable requirement … is stated in such a way that it can be tested by: - inspection, - analysis, or - demonstration. makes it possible to evaluate whether the system met the requirement, and is verifiable by means that will not contaminate the product or compromise the data integrity.

4. Tel: 08 625 22 00 | Fax: 08 625 22 90 | E-mail: goran.karlsson@helenius.se | www.helenius.se/pg 4 Is this Verifiable? Is this FR Verifiable? Good example:Good example: -FR1: The user interface shall be menu driven. It shall provide dialog boxes, help screens, radio buttons, dropdown list boxes, and spin buttons for user inputs. Bad example:Bad example: -FR1: The system must be user friendly. -How should we measure user friendliness?

5. Tel: 08 625 22 00 | Fax: 08 625 22 90 | E-mail: goran.karlsson@helenius.se | www.helenius.se/pg 5 What Makes a FR Clear & Concise? A clear & concise requirement … must consist of a single requirement, should be no more than 30-50 words in length, must be easily read and understood by non technical people, must be unambiguous and not susceptible to multiple interpretations, must not contain definitions, descriptions of its use, or reasons for its need, and must avoid subjective or open-ended terms.

6. Tel: 08 625 22 00 | Fax: 08 625 22 90 | E-mail: goran.karlsson@helenius.se | www.helenius.se/pg 6 Is this FR Clear & Concise? Good example:Good example: -FR2: When the user accesses any screen, it must appear on the monitor within 2 seconds. Bad example:Bad example: -FR2: All screens must appear on the monitor quickly. -How long is quickly?

7. Tel: 08 625 22 00 | Fax: 08 625 22 90 | E-mail: goran.karlsson@helenius.se | www.helenius.se/pg 7 What Makes a FR Complete? A complete requirement … contains all the information that is needed to define the system function, leaves no one guessing (For how long?, 50 % of what?), and includes measurement units (inches or centimeters?).

8. Tel: 08 625 22 00 | Fax: 08 625 22 90 | E-mail: goran.karlsson@helenius.se | www.helenius.se/pg 8 Is this FR Complete? Good example:Good example: -FR3: On loss of power, the battery backup must support normal operations for 20 minutes. Bad example:Bad example: -FR3: On loss of power, the battery backup must support normal operations. -For how long?

9. Tel: 08 625 22 00 | Fax: 08 625 22 90 | E-mail: goran.karlsson@helenius.se | www.helenius.se/pg 9 What Makes a FR Consistent? A consistent requirement … does not conflict with other requirements in the requirement specification, uses the same terminology throughout the requirement specification, and does not duplicate other FRs or pieces of other FRs or create redundancy in any way.

10. Tel: 08 625 22 00 | Fax: 08 625 22 90 | E-mail: goran.karlsson@helenius.se | www.helenius.se/pg 10 Is this FR Consistent? Good example: -FR4: The electronic batch records shall be 21 CFR Part 11 compliant. -FR47: An on-going training program for 21 CFR Part 11 needs to be established at the site. Bad example: -FR4: The electronic batch records shall be Part 11 compliant. -FR47: An on-going training program for 21 CFR Part 11 needs to be established at the sites. -Do these refer to the same regulation or different ones?

11. Tel: 08 625 22 00 | Fax: 08 625 22 90 | E-mail: goran.karlsson@helenius.se | www.helenius.se/pg 11 What Makes a FR Traceable? A traceable requirement … has a unique identity or number, cannot be separated or broken into smaller requirements, can easily be traced through to specification, design, and testing. Change Control on FR level.

12. Tel: 08 625 22 00 | Fax: 08 625 22 90 | E-mail: goran.karlsson@helenius.se | www.helenius.se/pg 12 Is this FR Traceable? Good example:Good example: -FR6v1: The system must generate a batch end report when a batch is aborted. -FR7v2: The system must generate a discrepancy report when a batch is completed or aborted. Bad example:Bad example: -FR: The system must generate a batch end report and a discrepancy report when a batch is aborted. -How is this uniquely identified? If the requirement is changed later so that it does not require a discrepancy report, how will you trace it back so you can delete it?

13. Tel: 08 625 22 00 | Fax: 08 625 22 90 | E-mail: goran.karlsson@helenius.se | www.helenius.se/pg 13 What Makes a FR Viable? A viable requirement … can be met using existing technology, can be achieved within the budget, can be met within the schedule, is something the organization has the necessary skills to utilize, will be used by the end users, and must be helpful to build the system.

14. Tel: 08 625 22 00 | Fax: 08 625 22 90 | E-mail: goran.karlsson@helenius.se | www.helenius.se/pg 14 Is this FR Viable or Feasible? Good example:Good example: -The replacement control system shall be installed causing no more than 2 days of production disruption. Bad example:Bad example: -The replacement control system shall be installed with no disruption to production. -This is an unrealistic expectation.

15. Tel: 08 625 22 00 | Fax: 08 625 22 90 | E-mail: goran.karlsson@helenius.se | www.helenius.se/pg 15 What Makes a FR Necessary? A necessary requirement … is one that must be present to meet system objectives, and is absolutely critical for the operation of the system, leads to a deficiency in the system if it is removed.

16. Tel: 08 625 22 00 | Fax: 08 625 22 90 | E-mail: goran.karlsson@helenius.se | www.helenius.se/pg 16 Is this FR Necessary? Good example:Good example: -The desktop PCs for the developers on the project must be configured with 512MB of memory, DVD ROM/CD-RW multifunction drive and a 21-inch flat screen monitor. Bad example:Bad example: -All desktop PCs for the project must be configured with 512MB of memory, DVD ROM/CD- RW multifunction drive and a 21-inch flat screen monitor. -This may not be needed for all PCs for the project.

17. Tel: 08 625 22 00 | Fax: 08 625 22 90 | E-mail: goran.karlsson@helenius.se | www.helenius.se/pg 17 What Makes a FR Free of Implementation Details? A requirement that is free of implementation details … defines what functions are provided by the system, does NOT specify how a function can or should be implemented, and allows the system developer to decide what technology is best suited to achieve the function.

18. Tel: 08 625 22 00 | Fax: 08 625 22 90 | E-mail: goran.karlsson@helenius.se | www.helenius.se/pg 18 Is this FR Free of Implementation Details? Good example:Good example: -After 3 unsuccessful attempts to log on, the user must be locked out of the system. Bad example:Bad example: -After 3 unsuccessful attempts to log on, a Java Script routine must run and lock the user out of the system. -Specifying a JavaScript routine concerns how the requirement will be implemented.

19. Tel: 08 625 22 00 | Fax: 08 625 22 90 | E-mail: goran.karlsson@helenius.se | www.helenius.se/pg Test Update the header with a more modern, simplistic look. Create a navigation bar leading to other pages of content. Include updated pictures related to the Rowan Computer Science on the main webpage. The front page will be the central hub leading to all other information provided by the links on the navigation bar. Faculty pictures will be added next to faculty contact information. Additional useful links will be added to various sections of the website. 19 A functional requirement requirement is good if it is: 1.Verifiable 2.Clear and concise 3.Complete 4.Consistent 5.Traceable 6.Viable 7.Necessary 8.Implementation free