1. CHAPTER 20 INTRODUCTION: TEXAS HISTORY & POLITICAL CULTURE

2. THE BIRTH OF TEXAS TRADITIONS Texas - The Friendship State The Caddos (Origin of name) - An extensive society The Karankawas - Along the Texas gulf coast The Coahuiltecan tribes - Roamed the area southwest of the Karankawas Apaches - Inhabited what would become the Texas Panhandle http://www.texasalmanac.com/history/timeline/early/

3. TEXAS HISTORY 1519 – 1 st know map of Texas Coastline by Alonso Alvarez de Pineda http://bit.ly/i5mn2bhttp://bit.ly/i5mn2b 1529 – Cabeza de Vaca shipwreck near Galveston and begin southern exploration 1682 – 1 st Spanish mission – Corpus Christi de la Isleta near El Paso

4. TEXAS HISTORY 1521 – 1800 Spanish conquistadors and colonization of Texas territory 1690’s – 1700’s Several Spanish and French colonies are established 1766 – 1 st recorded Texas Hurricane 1821 – Mexico gains independence from Spain

5. TEXAS HISTORY 1825 – Austin ‘Old 300’ settled in Texas 12/21/1826 – 1/31/1827 – Fredonia Rebellion 1836 – Texas Declaration of Independence, Alamo & San Jacinto 1836 – Houston founded on August 30 th, 1836.

6. TEXAS HISTORY 1836 – Republic of Texas formed December 29 th 1845 – Texas becomes 28 th state admitted into the American Union 1846-48 Mexican – American War 1861 – Texas Secedes from the Union 1870 – Texas readmitted into Union

7. THE 7 STATE CONSTITUTIONS 1827 – Constitution of Coahuila y Tejas 1836 – Constitution of the Republic 1845 – Constitution for Statehood 1861 – Constitution for the Confederacy 1866 – Constitution to rejoin the Union 1869 – Constitution for Reconstruction 1876 – Constitution of Today

8. SIX FLAGS OVER TEXAS Spanish – 1521 to 1800 French – 1695 to 1700 Mexican – 1821 to 1836 Republic of Texas – 1836 to 1845 USA – 1845 to 1861 & 1866 to Present Confederacy – 1861 to 1866

9. SIX FLAGS OVER TEXAS Spain “One of the most significant instruments of change the Spanish brought with them was the horse.” (p. 5) Introduction of cattle branding to the area Missions and forts (presidios) By the 1790s there were about 3,200 Spanish-speaking people in Texas. Anglo settlers into what is now Texas began near the end of Spanish rule.

10. SIX FLAGS OVER TEXAS The French Managed only a brief presence in Texas Rene-Robert Cavelier & Sieur de La Salle The failures of the French incursions encouraged the Spanish to increase East Texas settlement.

11. SIX FLAGS OVER TEXAS Mexican Independence Call of Hidalgo (Crito de Delores) by Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla launched the Mexican War of Independence. The new Mexican government allowed an empressario, approved Stephen F. Austin’s colonization plan. By 1830 there were about 10,000 Anglo settlers in Texas.

12. THE TEXAS REVOLUTION Initially, the Mexican government called for all settlers to convert to Catholicism and speak Spanish as the official language. The Mexican government opposed slavery. Despite concessions by the Mexican government in the early 1830s, the Organic Law (November 1 & 13th, 1835) created a government of Texas. That government became paralyzed.

13. ESTABLISHMENT OF THE REPUBLIC March 1st - March 17th, 1836: Delegates met at Washington on the Brazos, drafting a declaration of independence and a constitution for a Republic of Texas. The Revolutionary struggle for independence ended at the Battle of San Jacinto April 21st, 1836. The Constitution of the Republic was ratified by Texas voters September 5th, 1836, and Sam Houston was elected president.

14. THE REPUBLIC OF TEXAS Population doubled during the years of the Republic. Mirabeau B. Lamar, the Republic’s 2nd president, helped develop the Texas education system. Sam Houston returned to the presidency. The Republic claimed lands reaching west and north as far as Wyoming, including portions of the Santa Fe Trail. The legislature passed a bill claiming western lands to the Pacific and portions of Mexico, potentially making Texas larger than the United States.

15. TEXAS STATEHOOD James K. Polk campaigned for Texas statehood and won the presidency. John Quincy Adams led opponents of annexation in the Congress. The Congress accepted the state’s new constitution on December 29th, 1845. Formal statehood: February 19th, 1846. James Pinckney Henderson became the first governor of the state of Texas. The U.S. flag was the 5th flag to fly over Texas.

16. TEXAS, MEXICO, AND THE CONFEDERACY The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo established the Rio Grande River as the official southernmost boundary between Mexico and Texas. Despite Sam Houston’s objections, the legislature voted to secede from the Union Feb. 1, 1861. The Confederate regime was a disaster for pro-Union Anglos, Germans, and Blacks.

17. RECONSTRUCTION CONSTITUTIONS After the Confederate Constitution, the state wrote two more constitutions during the Reconstruction era in 1866 & 1869. The 1866 Constitution failed to meet the demands of the newly empowered “Radical Republicans” in Congress. They passed the Second Reconstruction Act purging Democrats from office and voting lists in the South. The new Texas constitutional convention was dominated by Republicans.

18. THE END OF RECONSTRUCTION & RISE OF THE REDEEMERS Republican governor & former Union commander was widely despised by Democrats who considered him a symbol of northern oppression & corruption As governor, Davis centralized power The Democrats gained control of the legislature & proclaimed themselves “Redeemers” The rise of the Redeemers & the role of the Grange The sixth constitution of the state of Texas State government encouraged immigration

19. THE ERA OF REFORM Transition of the Texas economy from farming and ranching to an industrial & oil economy in the early 20th century Calls for reform from Texans opposed to the excessive power of the railroads and from Populists whose party members were absorbed by the Democrats Establishment of the Railroad Commission Progressives took up the reform movement in Texas Prohibition consumed the movement

20. THE ERA OF REFORM Alcohol was portrayed as the vice of Germans and Mexicans. Texas voters approved an amendment to the Texas Constitution that brought prohibition to the state one year before ratification nationally (1919). Prohibition was unworkable. Over 20% of all arrests in the state were related to prohibition. Galveston was a major center for liquor smuggling. The influence of “Pa” and “Ma” Ferguson

21. THE NEW DEAL & BEYOND The end of the Ferguson legacy and the ascension of Wilbert Lee “Pappy” O’Daniel: As a gubernatorial candidate, declared the Ten Commandments as his platform & the Golden Rule as his motto. (Also see p. 212.) Transitions: “In 1954 Texas women belatedly won the right to serve on juries, but further progress toward equality was slow.” (p. 18)

22. CHANGING POLITICAL CULTURE Political culture - the shared values and beliefs of citizens about the nature of the political world that gives the public a common language as a foundation to discuss and debate ideas. (p. 18) Individualistic political culture Traditionalistic political culture “Mexican immigrants bring their own brand of traditionalistic culture, …” The practice of presidential republicanism “Political systems tend to represent the status quo--and established groups are inherently threatened by changes to the government’s base of power.” (p. 19)

23. MODERN TEXAS CHARACTERISTICS Texas sometimes described as the buckle of the “Bible Belt” Home to over 5 million evangelical Protestants Catholics outnumber Baptists in every major urban area except Dallas-Fort Worth Texans fall below the national average on many measures of wealth Texas, California, & Florida are expected to account for almost half of the nation’s growth from 1995 to 2025