1. BY MCKENZIE MATTHEU, LEAH HULSMAN, AND HANNAH THOMAS Unit 2: Population

2. Vocabulary Arithmetic Population Density  The population of a country or region expressed as an average per unit area. The figure is derived by dividing the population of the areal unit by the number of square kilometers or miles that make up the unit. Physiological Population Density  The number of people per unit area of arable land Population Distribution  Description of locations on the Earth’s populations live Population Composition  Structure of a population in terms of age, sex, and other properties such as marital status and education

3. Dot Maps Maps where one dot represents a certain number of a phenomenon, such as a population.

4. Population Growth Doubling time  The time required for a population to double in size Population Explosion  The rapid growth of the world’s human population during the past century, attended by ever-shorter doubling times and accelerating rates of increase. Stationary Population Growth  The level at which a national population ceases to grow

5. Thomas Malthus Published an essay called An Essay on the Principles of Population in 1798 which said that the World’s population was increasing faster than the amount of food need to feed it His reasoning was that food supplies grew linearly, adding acreage and crops incrementally by year, whereas population grew exponentially, compounding on the year before. The predictions Malthus made assumed food production is confined spatially, that what people can eat within a country depends on what is grown in the country. We now know his assumption aren’t true

6. Paul Ehrlich Published The Population Bomb in the 1960’s and set off alarm across the world Said that the world’s population was growing faster than our food supplies and production

7. Demographic Transition Model Stage one  Birth Rate and Death rate are both high. Population growth is slow and fluctuating  Birth rate is high because of lack of family planning and High infant mortality rate: putting babies in the 'bank'  Death Rate is high because high levels of disease and lack of health care, sanitation, and clean water  Typical of Britain in the 18th century and most economically developed countries today Stage Two  Birth Rate remains high. Death Rate is falling. Population begins to rise steadily.  Death rate is falling because of improved healthcare, hygiene, sanitation, food production and storage, transport for food and because of decreased infant mortality rates  Typical of Britain in the 19th century; Bangladesh, Nigeria today Stage three  Birth Rate starts to fall. Death Rate continues to fall. Population rising.  Birth and death rate were falling because of family planning availability, lower infant mortality rate, Increased mechanization reduces need for workers, Increased standard of living, Changing status of women, Children go from being assets to being liabilities  Typical of Britain in late 19th and 20th century; China; Brazil today

8. DTM cont. Stage four  Birth and death rate is low; population is steady  Typical of USA; Sweden; Japan; Britain Stage five  Birth rate slight fall, Death rate stable, Natural increase: gentle decrease  Some reasons for changes in birth rate include Family planning, Better health, Later marriages, and Improved status of women  Reasons for changes in death rate include Good health care, Reliable food supply, People are generally living longer  Typical of Germany, Italy Explains the transformation of countries from having high birth and death rates to low ones Began in developed countries in the 18 th century and is still going on today Developed in Britain

9. Rates Crude Birth Rate  The number of live births per year per thousand people in the population Crude Death Rate  The number of deaths per year per thousand people Infant Mortality Rate  The number of infant deaths (in their first year of life) for every 1,000 live births Child Mortality Rate  Records death between ages 1 and 5

10. Factors for Population Pyramids Life Expectancy  The number of years, on average, someone may expect to remain alive. Chronic Diseases (AIDS)  Chronic diseases (also called degenerative diseases) are the afflictions of middle and old age, reflecting higher life expectancies.  Low life expectancies in some parts of the world are caused by the ravages of diseases such as AIDS

11. Population Pyramid Trends Population Pyramids  Charts that show the percentages of each age group in the total population, divided by gender. Slightly Lopsided Vase  For more economically developed countries, population pyramids are usually shaped like a lopsided vase. The population is aging; TFR's are declining. Pyramid  In less economically developed countries, infant mortality rates are usually high and life expectancy is usually shorter, which is reflected in the pyramid shape.  Populations can be affected my mortality rates, life expectancies, and also epidemics and pandemics, such as AIDS  The population pyramid below illustrates the projected population of South Africa because of the effects of HIV/AIDS  The AIDS epidemic makes the population pyramid look like a chimney, hence the term "population chimney"

12. Example

13. Movement  Mobility ranging from local to global and daily to once a lifetime  Movement is a good example of the spatial process (spatial interaction; diffusion; distribution; patterns). Cyclic Movement  Movement that has a closed route  Examples:  Commuting: home to work and back home  Seasonal: “sunbelt” states  Nomadism: movement over territory for survival repeated time and again  Daily classes Periodic Movement  Movement away from home for a longer period of time  Examples:  Migrant labor: moving across borders for work  Transhumance: moving livestock to pastures based on season (rain, temperature)  Military service  College attendance

14. Migration Migration:  the long-term relocation of an individual, household, or group to a new location outside the community of origin; a purposeful movement involving a change of permanent residence. Most people migrate for economic reasons  Search for better paying jobs  To find new jobs/employment  To escape poverty or low standards of living

15. Migration cont. Forced Migration  Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate. Voluntary Migration  People relocate in response to perceived opportunity, not because they are forced to move. Governments greatly affect migration flow into countries because they have the power to close and open their doors to people as they wish. Refugees  People who have fled their country because of political persecution and seek asylum in another country. Guest Workers  Legal immigrant who has a work visa, usually short term.

16. Historical Migration It is estimated that 5 million to 8 million African Americans migrated from the South to industrialized Northern cities between 1900 and 1970. Since the 1940s, millions of migrants from Latin America have migrated to the American Southwest and Florida.

17. Push/Pull Factors Push Factors  Factors that cause someone to want to leave their homeland. Examples  poverty, bad government treatment, and poor living conditions. Pull Factors  things that draw people to a place. Examples  better job opportunities, better living conditions, and better opportunities for education.