1. Revision: marking homework for Environment and Medical Issues h/w sheet. Make sure you mark your sheet in a different colour and bring it in to the next lesson. Your next h/w will be to complete a homework sheet on Rights and Responsibilities and then mark it.

2. Unit 2 Key Words What is global warming? The increase in the temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere (thought to be caused by the greenhouse effect) What is environment? The surroundings in which plants and animals live and on which they depend to continue living. What is creation? The act of creating the universe, or the universe which has been created. What is conservation? Protecting and preserving natural resources and the environment. What is stewardship? Looking after something so it can be passed on to the next generation

3. 2.1 Global Warming What are the three forms of global warming? The greenhouse effect Natural climate change Solar activity

4. 2.1 Global Warming What is the greenhouse effect? The burning of fossil fuels (gas, coal and oil) produces carbon dioxide. This produces a barrier in the atmosphere rather like the glass in a greenhouse. The heat from the sun can get in but cannot get back out again, causing the earth’s temperature to rise. What is natural climate change? Some scientists claim that global warming is caused as result of the natural changes. The warmest period in the earth’s history happened well before humans started to produce carbon footprints. They also say that nature produces far more carbon gases than humans are ever likely to. What is solar activity? This is the amount of radiation coming from the sun. Clouds normally restrict the heating effects of the sun’s rays but when solar activity is high, fewer clouds form so more of the sun’s heat reaches the earth and it warms the earth.

5. 2.1 Global warming What are the arguments against global warming? 1.Natural Climate change 2.Nature produces far more carbon gases than humans are ever likely to (volcanic eruptions, decaying vegetation). 3.If the greenhouse effect were true the troposphere (the top layer of the atmosphere) should be heating up faster than the earth’s surface. 4.Solar activity 5.The evidence doesn’t fit the carbon emissions theory, for example the earth grew cooler after 1945 when global carbon levels were rising rapidly. Although scientists argue about the causes, they all agree that the earth’s surface is getting warmer which could be disastrous.

6. 2.1 The Kyoto Protocol (extra info) Many people think that global warming is caused by carbon emissions. A government can show their commitment to reduce carbon emissions to reduce carbon pollution and halt global warming by signing up to the Kyoto Protocol. What is the Kyoto Protocol?  The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which commits its Parties by setting internationally binding emission reduction targets.  Under the Protocol, countries must meet their targets through national measures. They need to pass laws and create incentives to encourage and ensure the reduction of carbon emissions.  The UN want governments to help to stimulate green investment and help countries meet their emission targets in a cost-effective way.  Monitoring emission targets  Under the Protocol, countries' actual emissions have to be monitored and precise records have to be kept of the trades carried out.

7. 2.1 The Kyoto Protocol (extra info) During the first commitment period 2008 to 2012, 37 industrialized countries and the European Community committed to reduce GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions to an average of five percent against 1990 levels. During the second commitment period, Parties committed to reduce GHG emissions by at least 18 percent below 1990 levels in the eight-year period from 2013 to 2020; however, the composition of Parties in the second commitment period is different from the first.  In Doha, Qatar, on 8 December 2012, the "Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol" was adopted. The amendment includes:  New commitments for Parties (governments) to the Kyoto Protocol who agreed to take on reduction commitments in a second period from 1 January 2013 to 31 December 2020  A revised list of greenhouse gases (GHG) are to be reported on by Parties in the second commitment period.  The US did sign up but was never able to get the protocol through Congress. Canada, too, signed up but dropped out last year.  As the negotiators in Montreal begin to discuss the next round of greenhouse gas limits— beyond the 2012 targets in the Kyoto Protocol—finding a way to include China is considered crucial. “China and the United States are the two countries that are most important to worldwide efforts to slow climate change,” said Chris Flavin, the president of Worldwatch. “Without their participation, the next round of emissions limits will hardly be meaningful.”

8. 2.1 Possible solutions to global warming (the greenhouse effect). How can a government reduce carbon emissions to reduce carbon pollution and halt global warming? Sign up to the revised Kyoto Protocol. Make laws on emissions from energy production. Encourage manufacturers to use sustainable products in their manufacturing process. Encourage use of public transport. Give four ways that electricity can be made without producing carbon dioxide? Wind power, sea power (using either the waves or the tides), hydroelectric power (using the water in a dam) and solar power (using the sun’s heat). What changes can car manufacturers make to help reduce carbon emissions? They can use ethanol, biodiesel, electric batteries or hydrogen to power cars. What are the problems caused by some of these solutions? Biofuels (ethanol and biodiesel) are produced from crops which could otherwise be used for food and electric batteries rely on electricity produced by power stations using oil or coal.

9. 2.2 Forms of Pollution and their possible solutions What are the main forms of pollution (other than carbon emissions) ?  Acid Rain  Human Waste  Eutrophication  Radioactive pollution

10. 2.2 Forms of Pollution and their possible solutions What is acid rain? The burning of fossil fuels changes the pH of the rainwater in clouds making it so acidic that it can burn things when it falls to the ground. Buildings and forests in countries such as Sweden and Germany are being destroyed by the acid rain coming from the UK. What is human waste? This is waste produced by humans in the form of sewage, refuse (rubbish put in bins) and litter (rubbish left on the streets). Europe produces more than 2.5 billion tons of solid waste per year. What is eutrophication? This is a lack of oxygen in rivers which kills fish and encourages water plants to grow. It is caused by fertilisers being washed into streams, sewage pollution and a lack of trees to soak up the nitrogen. It can lead to major health problems for humans. What is radioactive pollution? This is nuclear waste which is created by nuclear power plants. Nuclear waste will take thousands if not millions of years before it stops being toxic. If humans come into contact with nuclear waste they can be killed; get cancer and have genetically mutated children as seen in the Chernobyl nuclear power station disaster of 1986.

11. 2.2 Forms of Pollution and their possible solutions What are the possible solutions to acid rain? The solution to acid rain is to produce electricity from wind, sun, tides and nuclear energy. What are the possible solutions to human waste? The problems of human waste could be solved by a combination of recycling, using incinerators to produce electricity, and use sewage to produce methane gas. The government helps by passing laws which penalise people who litter or fly-tip. If a badly littered area is reported to a council they must clear all the litter within a fixed time period. What are the possible solutions to eutrophication? This is already being reduced due to better sewage treatment, fewer phosphates being used in detergents and fewer nitrates in farm fertilisers. Organic farming can lead to an increase in nitrates in streams and rivers. What are the possible solutions to radioactive pollution? Some nuclear waste can be reprocessed. The UK’s Sellafield plant in Cumbria is one of the world’s two nuclear reprocessing plants. Reprocessing means that 97% of the waste can be reused. However the remaining 3% of waste has to be stored either at the bottom of the ocean or buried deep in the ground.

12. 2.3 The scarcity of natural resources What are natural resources? – naturally occurring materials, such as oil and fertile land, which can be used by humans. What are the two types of natural resources? Renewable resources and finite or non-renewable resources. What are renewable resources? Give some examples. These are resources that can be used over and over again such as wind power, solar power, water power and fertile land producing food and biofuels. Using renewable resources causes no problems but using them to produce electricity is often more expensive. What are finite or non-renewable resources? Give some examples. These are resources that disappear when they are used such as oil, coal, iron, tin, copper, uranium and natural gas. What do we use oil for? We use oil for petrol and diesel. It is also used to make all plastics, road surfaces, most candles, polishes and chemical foodstuffs. Everything from car panels to kitchen appliances come from finite resources such as iron, aluminium and tin. If we let these resources run out we will have a problem as bad as the problems of global warming and pollution.

13. 2.4 Christian teachings on stewardship Give one quote that supports the importance of stewardship for Christians. (There are three here, choose one which you think you will be able to remember.) In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. Genesis 1:1 The earth is the L ORD ’s, and everything in it, the world, and all who live in it; 2 for he founded it on the sea and established it on the waters. Psalm 24:1-2 So God created mankind in his own image, in the image of God he created them; male and female he created them. 28 God blessed them and said to them, “Be fruitful and increase in number; fill the earth and subdue it. Rule over the fish in the sea and the birds in the sky and over every living creature that moves on the ground.” Genesis 1:27-28

14. 2.4 Christian teachings on stewardship. What does stewardship mean? Looking after something so that it can be passed on to the next generation. What are the Christian teachings on stewardship? 1.In Genesis God gave humans the right to rule over the earth, but only as his stewards. 2.The Old Testament says that humans must treat animals and the land kindly (every 50 years they should not grow crops – rest the ground). 3.In the parable of the Talents in Luke 19:11-26 Jesus taught that Christians have a responsibility to leave the earth a better place than they found it. 4.Jesus also taught that Christians have a responsibility to make sure the earth’s resources are shared fairly. 5.The Bible says that people will judge and most Christians believe that part of this judgement will be whether they have been good stewards of God’s earth.

15. 2.4 Christian teaching on stewardship. How do beliefs about stewardship affect Christian attitudes to the environment? 1.The idea that a Christian should leave the earth a better place than they found it means that a Christian should try to reduce pollution and preserve resources (conservation). 2.Christians should show stewardship by working to share the world’s resources more fairly and improve the standard of living in LEDCs 3.The belief that they will be judged on their behaviour as stewards means Christians should help the work of groups which try to reduce pollution and conserve resources. 4.Only by being a good steward and conserving the environment can they be considered a good Christian. IMPORTANT – Human interests come first, for example shutting down a factory which causes pollution but employs 3000 people would not be a Christian solution.

16. 2.5 The teachings of Islam on stewardship. What is a khalifah? It is the Islamic word for steward, it means a vice-regent or vice-gerent – someone who looks after things for you. What does it mean to be a khalifah? All Muslims are God’s khalifah who have to keep the balance of creation and look after the earth for God in the way set out in the Qur’an and the Shari’ah (the Islamic law). What are the Islamic teachings on stewardship? 1.Islam teaches that people will be judged by God on the way they have looked after the earth. 2.This life is a test from God. Those who fail the test will be punished. 3.A main part of the test is looking after the environment in the way of Islam. Behold the Lord said to the angels, ‘I will create a vicegerent on earth’...And He taught Adam the nature of all things... And behold He said to the angels ‘bow down to Adam.’ And they bowed down: Not so Iblis (the devil): he refused and was haughty: he was of those who rejected the faith. Qur’an 2:30-34

17. 2.5 The teachings of Islam on stewardship. How do the Islamic teachings on stewardship affect a Muslim’s attitude to the environment? 1.The responsibility to be God’s Khalifah means that Muslims should try to reduce pollution and preserve resources. 2.The Shariah (Islamic law) and the ummah (worldwide brotherhood of Muslims) teach that Muslims should work to share the earth’s resources more fairly and improve the standard of living in LEDCs. 3.The belief that they will be judged on their behaviour as kalifahs means that Muslims have a duty to help groups which try to reduce pollution and conserve resources. 4.There is UNITY and BALANCE in CREATION, therefore Muslims have a duty to preserve the environment. It is important therefore, for Muslims to play a leading part in the efforts to protect our environment. Life on earth is set up with natural balance and this is the key to our survival here. From What does Islam Say by Ibrahim Hewitt

18. 2.6 The nature and importance of medical treatments for infertility. What is an embryo donation ? When both egg and sperm come from donors, are fertilized by IVF and then placed into the wife/partner’s womb by mechanical means. What is infertility ? Not being able to have children. What is in-vitro fertilisation (IVF)? The method of fertilising a human egg in a test tube. What is surrogacy ? An arrangement whereby a woman bears a child on behalf of another woman or where an egg is donated and fertilised by the husband through IVF and is then implanted into the wife’s uterus.

19. 2.6 The nature and importance of medical treatments for infertility. What is Artificial Insemination by Husband (AIH)? The husband’s sperm is mechanically inserted into his wife. What is Artificial Insemination by Donor (AID)? An anonymous sperm is mechanically inserted into the mother. What is egg donation? Another woman’s egg is fertilised by IVF using husband’s sperm, then placed in wife’s womb. What is surrogacy? Either when the egg and sperm of male and female partners are fertilized by IVF and then placed into another woman’s womb; or when another woman is artificially inseminated by the male partners sperm. In both cases, after birth the woman hands the baby to the husband and wife/partners.

20. 2.6 The nature and importance of medical treatments for infertility. All medical treatments now being used by couples for infertility are supervised by a government body. What is the name of that body? The Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA). Do children born from donated sperm, eggs or embryos have the right to discover their genetic parents? Yes they do, this law came into force on 1 st April 2005. By 2009 about 50,000 children had been born from donations, but only about 10% of those had been told that they had other genetic parents. Why are infertility treatments important? 1.Infertility is increasing. As many as 12.5% of couples in the UK have fertility problems. 2.According to the HFEA up to 1.5 million men in the UK alone have fertility problems. 3.In 2007, 12% of all births in the UK were as a result of infertility treatments. 4.It is part of human nature to want to have children and raise a family, and if treatments can help achieve this they must be important. 5.Psychological problems are caused if couples are desperate to have children but cannot.

21. 2.6 The nature and importance of medical treatments for infertility. Think about the excerpt above, what do you think, could you use this example in a question on fertility treatments? Dan Cohen-Sherbok, a rabbi and Professor of Judaism, agrees that AID (donor insemination) children should be told of their origins. Now 58, he did not find out that he was born by AID until he was in his late 20s ‘I did not have a good relationship with my father and I asked my mother if he was really my father. She took a deep breath and told me.....It was very traumatic. It would have been better for my parents to tell me early on. To my father I was a walking symbol of his infertility. The Times, 22 January 2004 In 2013, the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) published new guidelines about who should have access to IVF treatment on the NHS in England and Wales. Approximately According to the guidelines, women under 40 years should be offered three cycles of IVF treatment on the NHS if certain conditions are met. The guidelines also say that women aged between 40 and 42 should be offered one cycle of IVF on the NHS as long as four criteria are met. National Health Service Website March 2013

22. 2.7 Different attitudes to infertility treatments among Christians. How many views on infertility are there in Christianity and which groups hold these views? There are two very different views on infertility among Christians, one is the view of the Roman Catholic Church and the other is shared by the other Churches. What is the view of the Roman Catholic Church on infertility treatments? 1.Catholics believe that life is given by God and that no one has the right to children. 2.The Catholic Church wants to help infertile couples, but only allows methods which do not affect the sanctity of life and in which sex acts are natural. 3.Therefore all treatments involving medical technology are banned. Why do Roman Catholics hold this view? 1.IVF involves fertilising several eggs, some of which are thrown away or used for experimentation. The Catholic Church believes that this is the same as abortion which the Church bans. 2.All forms of artificial insemination or surrogacy involve the sin of male masturbation. 3.All forms of embryo technology involve fertilisation being separated from sex, but God intended procreation to be a part of sex.

23. 2.7 Different attitudes to infertility treatments among Christians. Why do other Christian Churches allow IVF and AIH (make sure you understand what IVF and AIH mean)? 1.One of the purposes of Christian marriage is to have children, so infertility treatments must be good. 2.In these treatments, the baby will be the biological offspring of its mother and father (both AVF and AIH are using the sperm and the egg from the donor couple). 3.The discarded embryos are not foetuses and so life is not being taken. What would all Christians encourage a childless couple to do? All Christians would encourage childless couples to adopt. These Churches do not ban other embryo technology, but are worried because it involves problems of who the parent is and could lead to problems for the children as to who they are.

24. 2.8 Islam and infertility treatments. Why does Islam accept IVF and AIH? 1.The egg and the sperm are from the husband and wife. 2.All Muslims should have a family. Muhammad had a family and the Qur’an teaches that the family was created by God as the basic unit of society. 3.The unused embryos are not foetuses, so life is not being taken. Most Muslims believe that life does not begin at conception and ensoulment (the baby receives its soul from Allah) happens later in the pregnancy at 120 days. In Islam, family life is governed by laws taken directly from the Qur’an and the Sunnah.... No Muslim man is allowed to donate sperm to a woman who is not his legal wife and no woman is allowed to donate an egg to another woman... If a married woman conceives using sperm from a third party because her husband is infertile, this is adultery... If a woman carries an embryo fertilised with the sperm and egg of another couple, the child legally belongs to the surrogate mother. From What does Islam Say by Ibrahim Hewitt

25. 2.9 The nature and importance of transplant surgery. What is organ donation? Giving organs to be used in transplant surgery. What is transplant surgery? The use of organs taken from one person and put into another person to replace an organ that is not working. Which organs can be donated? Hearts, liver, kidney, lungs, intestines, small bowel, pancreas. Tissues that can be donated are eye corneas, bone, skin, heart valves, tendons, cartilage. (NHS website 2013) Is transplant surgery effective? Yes, transplant surgery works well and gives life and hope to people who would have otherwise died early. What are the two types of transplant surgery? One uses organs from a dead person, the other uses organs from a living person (a kidney or bone marrow for example). Can people sell their organs in the UK? No, in the UK ULTRA (unrelated Live Transplant Regulatory Authority) controls live transplants so that people cannot sell their organs.

26. 2.9 The nature and importance of transplant surgery. Why is transplant surgery important? 1.It cures life-threatening diseases (like kidneys not working) and improves people’s lives (like giving sight to blind people). 2.Transplants save over 3000 lives a year. 3.More people need transplant surgery every year so transplants are essential. 4.Transplant surgery gives people a chance to help others after their death by using organs which would otherwise be buried or burned (cremated). 5.It is pioneering surgical methods which lead to the development of spare part surgery Organ donor rates appear to be linked to the number of fatal road crashes. According to the department of health, Spain has the highest rate of organ donations, but it also has the highest rate of deaths from road accidents.

27. 2.9 The nature and importance of transplant surgery. Can the organs of anyone dying in an accident be used for transplants? No, people need to have a donor card and have the opportunity to sign up when they apply for a driving licence, register at a GP’s surgery, apply for a European health Insurance card or even when applying for a Boots advantage card. In June 2008, a government report recommended that the organs of anyone dying in an accident could be used for transplants unless they had a card saying they did not want their organs used (the opposite of the law now). This is being considered again by the present government. The report estimated that this could double the number of transplant operations. Consider the information above and decide whether you think the law should be changed or not. Then answer the following question in the booklet. ‘The law on donor cards should be changed’ i. Do you agree? Give reasons for your opinion. ii. Give reasons why some people may disagree with you. In your answer you should refer to at least one religion. (see following slides)

28. 2.10 Different attitudes to transplant surgery in Christianity. What are the three attitudes to transplant surgery in Christianity? 1. Most Christians agree with transplant surgery, but would disagree with organs being bought from poor people. 2. Some Christians agree with transplants using organs from living people, but not from dead people. They would also not allow payment for organs. 3. Some Christians do not agree with transplants at all and do not carry donor cards.

29. 2.10 Different attitudes to transplant surgery in Christianity. Most Christians agree with transplant surgery, but would disagree with organs being bought from poor people. They believe this because: 1.Those who believe in the immortality of the soul believe the body is not needed after death. 2.Those who believe in resurrection believe that God will not need the organs to raise the body. 3.Leaving organs for others is a way of loving your neighbour (Jesus – New Testament. 4.Leaving your organs is a way of treating others as you would want to be treated. 5.The Bible says the poor should not be exploited.

30. 2.10 Different attitudes to transplant surgery in Christianity. Some Christians agree with transplants using organs from living people, but not from dead people. They would also not allow payment for organs. Why do they believe this? 1.Transplanting organs from the dead to the living is playing God which is a great sin. 2. Organs such as the heart are an essential part of a person created by God. 3.Donating your living organs is a way of loving your neighbour. 4.Paying for organs is exploiting the poor which is banned in the Bible

31. 2.10 Different attitudes to transplant surgery in Christianity. Some Christians do not agree with transplants at all and do not carry donor cards. Why do they not agree with transplants? 1.They believe it ignores the sanctity of life (only God can give life and only God can take life). 2. They believe it is playing God which is a great sin. 3.It raises the question of when someone is actually dead (on life support). Does the surgeon save the life of an accident victim or the patient who needs a transplant. 4.It takes resources from less expensive cures which could help far more people than a single transplant. As medical technology advances there are always moral problems that are bound to arise and need to be thought about and laws need to be passed to protect the vunerable.

32. 2.11 Islam and transplant surgery What are the two attitudes to transplant surgery in Islam? Most Muslims disagree with transplant surgery. Some Muslims allow transplants from close relatives.

33. 2.11 Islam and transplant surgery Why do most Muslims disagree with transplant surgery? 1.The Shariah teaches that nothing should be removed from the body after death. 2. It is playing God which is the greatest sin of shirk. 3.The Qur’an teaches that only God has the right to give and take life. 4.It is against Muslim beliefs on the sanctity of life. 5.Muslims believe that they need their organs for resurrection on the Last Day. Why do some Muslims allow transplants from close relatives? 1.Some Muslim lawyers have allowed it. 2.The Muslim Law Council of the UK says that Muslims can carry donor cards an have transplants. 3.Islam aims to do good and help people.