1. 1. What is the difference between proximate and ultimate causes of behavior? 2. Explain the difference between kinesis and taxis. 3. What are the 4 common modes of animal communication? Ch. 51 Warm-Up Define:  Fixed action pattern  Sign stimulus  Kinesis  Taxis  Migration  Circadian rhythms  Pheromones  Learning  Imprinting  Cognitive map

2. Ch. 51 Warm-Up 1. Describe Pavlov’s famous experiments in classical conditioning. 2. What is the advantage for a species to be: Monogamous? Polygamous? 3. Describe an example of when you have participated in reciprocal altruism. Define: Associative learning Classical conditioning Operant conditioning Cognition Optimal foraging model Monogamy/polygamy/ polygyny/polyandry Agonistic behavior Altruism Kin selection Reciprocal altruism

3. 1. What is something that you can do that you have been able to do since birth? 2. What is one behavior that you learned by watching someone else? 3. Give an example of animal signals used in courtship, finding food or to establishing a territory. Ch. 51 Warm-Up Define:  Circadian rhythms  Pheromones  Learning  Cognitive map Associative learning Classical conditioning Operant conditioning Cognition

4. 1. What is the difference between proximate and ultimate causes of behavior? 2. Explain the difference between kinesis and taxis. 3. What are the 4 common modes of animal communication? Ch. 51 Warm-Up Define: Optimal foraging model Monogamy/polygam y/ polygyny/polyandry Agonistic behavior Altruism Kin selection Reciprocal altruism

5. Ch. 51 Warm-Up 1. What do you think is the advantage for a species to be: Monogamous? Polygamous? 2. Describe an example of when you have participated in reciprocal altruism.

6. Chapter 51 Animal Behavior

7. You Must Know: The difference between a kinesis and a taxis Various forms of animal communication The role of altruism and inclusive fitness in kin selection

8. Introduction Ethology: study of animal behavior Behavior: what an animal does and how it does it Result of both genetic and environmental factors Essential for survival and reproduction Subject to natural selection over time Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

9. Behavioral has both proximate and ultimate causes Proximate cause: how an animal behaves; focus on the immediate causes of behavior Ultimate cause: why an animal behaves as it does; the evolutionary causes of behavior A courting pair of East Asian red-crowned cranes.

10. BEHAVIOR: A male stickleback fish attacks other male sticklebacks that invade its nesting territory. PROXIMATE CAUSE: The red belly of the intruding male acts as a sign stimulus that releases aggression in a male stickleback. ULTIMATE CAUSE: By chasing away other male sticklebacks, a male decreases the chance that eggs laid in his nesting territory will be fertilized by another male.

11. Behavior results from both genes and environmental factors In biology, the nature-versus-nurture issue is not about whether genes or environment influence behavior, but that BOTH are involved.

12. Innate behaviors are inherited Unlearned behavior Environmental indifference - performed the same way by all members of a species Fixed action patterns (FAPs): innate behaviors that exhibit unchangeable sequences; carried to completion Triggered by sign stimulus Ensures that activities essential to survival are performed correctly without practice Eg. goose

13. Sign stimuli in a classic fixed action pattern

14. Kinesis: simple change in activity or turning rate in response to a stimulus Taxis: automatic movement, oriented movement +/- from stimulus (eg. phototaxis, chemotaxis, geotaxis) Directed Movements Kinesis increases the chance that a sow bug will encounter and stay in a moist environment. Positive rheotaxis keeps trout facing into the current, the direction from which most food comes.

15. Migration Regular, long-distance change in location Environmental cues: sun, stars, earth’s magnetic field, landmarks

16. Communication & Signals: Pheromones – chemicals emitted by members of one species that affect other members of the species (eg. Queen bee, fruit fly, fish) Visual signals – eg. Warning flash of white of a mockingbird's wing Tactile (touch) – eg. Male fruit fly taps female fly Auditory signals – screech of blue jay or song of warbler Courtship behavior of fruit flies

17. Honeybee dance language Used to inform other bees about distance and direction of travel to food sources

18. Learning = modification of behavior based on specific experiences

19. Types of Learning 1. Habituation: loss of responsiveness to stimuli that convey little or no information Simple form of learning 2. Imprinting: learning + innate components Limited to sensitive period in life, generally irreversible ie. Lorenz’ imprinting in greylag geese

20. BEHAVIOR: Young geese follow and imprint on their mother. PROXIMATE CAUSE: During an early, critical developmental stage, the young geese observe their mother moving away from them and calling. ULTIMATE CAUSE: On average, geese that follow and imprint on their mother receive more care and learn necessary skills, and thus have a greater chance of surviving than those that do not follow their mother.

21. Imprinting poses problems and opportunities for conservation programs Captive breeding programs for endangered species must provide proper imprinting models Pilot wearing crane suit acts as a surrogate parent to teach young whooping cranes a migration route

22. Types of Learning 3. Spatial Learning Cognitive Map: internal representation of spatial relationship among objects in an animal’s surroundings Birds use spatial maps to relocate nut caches

23. Nest No nest Nest Some organisms move in response to a recognized object or environmental cue, a landmark.

24. Types of Learning 4. Associative Learning: ability to associate one stimulus with another (eg. monarchs = foul taste) A. Classical conditioning: arbitrary stimulus associated with particular outcome (eg. Pavlov’s dogs: salivate with ringing bell)

25. Types of Learning B. Operant conditioning: another type of associative learning Trial-and-error learning Associate its own behavior with reward or punishment

26. Types of Learning 5. Cognition: the ability of an animal’s nervous system to: Perceive, store, process, and use information gathered by sensory receptors Problem-solving behavior relies on cognition

27. Types of Learning 6. Social learning: learning by observing others Vervet monkeys learning correct use of alarm calls.

28. Examples of learned animal behavior Nut-cracking crow: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BGPGknpq3e0 TED Talk: Amazing intelligence of crows: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NhmZBMuZ6vE Chimpanzee learning: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ySMh1mBi3cI Chimpanzee problem solving by cooperation: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xOrgOW9LnT4

29. The study of consciousness poses a unique challenge for scientists Besides humans, are animals aware of themselves? Some would argue that certain behaviors are a result of conscious processing.

30. Foraging: food-obtaining behavior Recognize, search for, capturing, and consuming food Optimal foraging model: natural selection will benefit animals that maximize their energy intake-to-expenditure ratio (energy intake ≥ energy used) Behavioral ecologists use cost-benefit analysis in studying foraging Minimize costs / Maximize benefits

31. Energy costs and benefits in foraging behavior (drop height minimizes total flight height)

32. Courtship and Mating Behavior Sexual selection: seeking and attracting mates, choosing and competing for mates PromiscuousMonogamous Polygamous (polygynous) Polyandry PartnersManyOne1 M + many F1F + many M StructureShowySimilarShowy maleShowy female CareNoneMuchMale = littleMale = none

34. Rituals involving agonistic behavior often resolve confrontations between competitors Agonistic behavior: threats, rituals, and sometimes combat; settles disputes over resources

35. Territorial Behavior Territorial behavior parcels space and resources Animals exhibiting this behavior mark and defend their territories

36. Many behaviors have a strong genetic component Certain behaviors in prairie voles are under relatively strong genetic control ADH (vasopressin) triggers pair-bond formation and aggression by male voles

37. Differences in oxytocin (a hormone) receptors in 2 species of voles Monogamous prairie voles vs. promiscuous montane voles High oxytocin levels in prairie voles Low oxytocin levels in montane voles

38. Altruistic social behavior Altruism = selfless behavior Reduce individual fitness but increase fitness of others in population i.e. bee societies; naked mole rats Inclusive fitness: total effect of producing own offspring + helping close relatives Kin selection: type of natural selection; altruistic behavior enhances reproductive success of relatives