1. Cardiovascular Pathology
Pathophysiology

2. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the U.S.
Over 2,600 Americans die each day
More than 57,000 have some type of cardiovascular disease
General Info

3. Overview of Heart Anatomy
Size of fist
Double pump
Right side low oxygenated (deoxygenated) blood
Left side oxygen rich blood
Pericardium
4 chambers
Right and left atria (upper chambers)
Right and left ventricle (lower chamber)
Overview of Heart Anatomy

4. Overview of Heart Anatomy
3. Heart Valves: Open and close to control flow of blood
Right: tricuspid and pulmonary
Left: mitral, aortic
4. Great Vessels:
Right: superior and inferior vena cava (deoxygenated blood to heart)
Left: pulmonary veins (from lung to heart), aorta (from heart to body)

5.
For more information:

6. Overview of Heart Anatomy
5. Electrical Stimulation: causes heart to contract rhythmically and pump blood
I. Sinoatrial(SA) node: cardiac electrical impulse begins, aka: __________
II. Atrioventriclar (AV) node: receives impulse from the _____ node
III. Bundle of HIS: receives impulse from the ___
IV. Purkinje fibers: receive impulses from _____
Overview of Heart Anatomy

7. Heart Disease in General
Signs and symptoms
Angina
Dyspnea
Tachycardia
Fatigue
Cardiac palpitations
Diaphoresis
Edema
Nausea/vomiting
Cyanosis
Heart Disease in General

8. Common Diagnostic tests for cardiovascular disease
Non-invasive Procedures
Invasive Procedures
Auscultation
Doppler
Blood Pressure Screening
Electrocardiogram
Echocardiography
Cardiac Catheterization
Venipuncture
Checking for CPK & LDH
Common Diagnostic tests for cardiovascular disease

9. Common Diseases of Cardiovascular System
Hypertension
Chronic
Leading cause of stroke and heart failure
Normal BP= xx/xx
Systolic / diastolic
Causes:
Heredity, diet, age, obesity
Effects?
______ ventricle works harder to pump blood = hypertrophy
Treatment
Mild: lifestyle, low-salt/low-fat diet, stress reducing exercise, smoking cessation, weight reduction
High: medication
Common Diseases of Cardiovascular System

10. Common Diseases of Cardiovascular System
Arteriosclerosis
Most common cause of atherosclerosis
Can form embolus
Plaque (can build up)
Narrowing leads to: high blood pressure, slowing or stoppage of blood flow to tissues or organs (ischemic)
4 major areas effected by atherosclerosis
Coronary Arteries
Cerebral arteries
Aorta
Peripheral arteries
Common Diseases of Cardiovascular System

11. Common Diseases of Cardiovascular System
Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD)
Caused by _____ in arteries that supply blood to ___
Can lead to muscular cramping
Chronic Occlusion
Acute Occlusion
Treatment:
Endarterectomy
Graph
Common Diseases of Cardiovascular System

12. Common Diseases of Cardiovascular System
Aneurysm
Weakening of arterial wall allows vessel to balloon and rupture
Weakens due to:
Atherosclerosis
Congenital defect
Injury
Usually asymptomatic, discovered during physical exam/x-ray
Most common: abdominal aorta
Rupture of aorta can cause massive hemorrhaging and death
Treatment:
Surgical resection and grafting
Common Diseases of Cardiovascular System

13. Common Diseases of Cardiovascular System
Coronary Artery Disease
Narrowing of arteries that supply blood to the heart
SINGLE LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH IN U.S.
Commonly due to:
Atherosclerosis
Progressive narrowing leads to ischemia
(What happens during ischemia?)
Occlusion may develop:
Progressive atherosclerosis
Thrombus
Embolus
Diagnosis:
Patient history, EKG, selective coronary angiogram
Treatment:
Vasodilator, angioplasty, coronary stent, coronary artery bypass
Common Diseases of Cardiovascular System

14. Common Diseases of Cardiovascular System
Cardiomyopathy
Primary:
Heart muscle becomes dilated enlarged and flabby
Cause: idiopathic
Symptoms: fatigue, SOB
Treatment: Rest, medications, heart transplant
Secondary:
Chronic hypertension or coronary artery disease
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy:
Heart becomes abnormally thick, makes it hard to pump ___ and may affect _____
Hard to pump blood and may affect heart electrical system
Common Diseases of Cardiovascular System

15. Common Diseases of Cardiovascular System
Carditis
Define:
Different forms:
Pericarditis: _____ membrane of heart
Myocarditis: inflammation of ______
Endocarditis: inflammation of ______
Causes:
Bacteria, viruses, Rheumatic fever, Secondary infection, unknown
Treatment:
Bed rest, antibiotics, analgesic
Pericarditis: outer membrane of heart
Myocarditis: inflammation of heart muscle
Endocarditis: inflammation of inner lining
Common Diseases of Cardiovascular System

16. Common Diseases of Cardiovascular System
Valvular Heart Disease
Malfunction due to:
Stenotic valve
Inability to close properly caused by _____
Complications:
Tendency to form clots
Overworks heart leading to congestive heart failure
Bacterial endocarditis
Common causes of defective valves
Congenital. Rheumatic fever, endocarditis
Inability to close properly caused by scarring from infection or prolapsed valve
Common Diseases of Cardiovascular System