1. Marine Bio Chapter 22.1

2. Learning Objectives Discuss the impact of sewage pollution on aquatic environments Describe the effect of toxic chemicals on marine organisms Explain the importance of clean waters to aquatic life forms Discuss the problem of solid wastes in the marine ecosystems

3. Homework assignments P546 #1-3 P555 # 1-3 P558 # 1-3 P562 # 1-3

4. Human Impact- anthropogenic impacts Direct effects – dredging, dumping silt / mud, land filling, use of explosives Indirect effects- pollution release somewhere else Growing cities increased tension development have altered the coastlines Problem is more acute in developing nations

5. Coral Reefs More that ¼ of the world’s coral reef has been lost 1. Deforestation has lead to increased soil/sediment levels that effect coral reefs. High levels of sediment smother the corals. Young corals will not settle on sediment More sediment = murky water and reduced amount of light which will decrease the zooxanthellae. 2. Explosives used to fish are called “dynamite fishing”. It is an illegal practice but it is still seen. Also used to open up navigation channels, several decades to recover

6. 3. Poison fishing will kill coral reefs used in only some areas “banned practice” 4. Mining coral for construction material 5. Indiscriminate collection, aquarium, trade, sale – souvenirs or decorations 6. Damage from anchors, scuba divers, fish traps and reforming

7. 7. Bleaching of coral: The corals expel their colorful zooxanthellae causing white patches to form (not all most) Recovery occurs if the zooxanthellae are replaced. Bleached corals are vulnerable to disintegration. 8. Infections of coral. See a line of dead reef. (discolored tissue) Caused by bacteria & fungi that take hold of damaged, stressed coral

8. 9. Ocean acidification – makes coral delicate & can inhibit growth 10. Trawling – method for catering fish & shrimp. Scans bottom – no growth. Animals killed, habitats destroyed

9. Pollution The introduction of substances by humans decreasing the quality of the environment. Pollutants- substances, artificial Man Made- hazard to humans (eat, swim, dive, surf) A. Land Based- pollution from development, agriculture, power generation B. Marine Based- offshore oil drilling, shipping

10. Eutrophication Eutrophication- too much algae growth due to increase nutrients Shallow coastal waters reduces the penetration of light to lower layers Excess nutrients also result in phytoplankton blooms and cyanobacteria, which can be toxic. The remains of the phytoplankton and the feces of the zooplankton fall to the bottom. Bacteria of decay will break down this material. They use up the oxygen causing anoxic conditions.

11. There are seasonal hypoxic zones (the water lacks oxygen due to seasonal events) Coastal Pollution results in red tides (seeing these events more frequently) red tide: algae blooms that will poison other organisms. Cutting back on the nutrients that naturally enter the ocean is dangerous. Dams and Reservoirs divert the nutrients that enter the ocean.

12. Sewage Water contaminated by human or animal waste. Many beaches are periodically closed due to contaminated water. Pathogens are disease causing organisms (E Coli or coliform bacteria) Domestic Sewage: wastewater from homes and buildings. Industrial Sewage: varieties of wastes from factories. May contain pesticides, heavy metals and toxic agents.

13. Water is regularly tested by the Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) If the water contains coliform bacteria (E COLI) the beach will be closed. Harbor water is usually most contaminated from raw sewage being dumped there. Raw sewage: sewage that has not been treated or decontaminated.

14. Impacts of Sewage Viral, Bacterial and Parasitic infections. Hepatitis has been contracted from eating shellfish that has been harvested from sewage-contaminated waters. The shellfish contain the virus and when eaten the consumer gets sick. Swimming-swallowing contaminated water (ear, throat, eye infections.) closed beaches: storm drain overflow lost tourism etc.

15. Treatment of Sewage Sewage treatment plant: removal of solids and non biodegradable materials by filtering thru a screen ( these wastes are taken to a landfill for disposal) Allow solid matter to settle out forming a sludge decay bacteria/organisms are added to breakdown material Sludge is further treated for decontamination The liquid in the tank is further treated by the addition of chemicals chlorine to kill bacteria and some viruses-toxic to marine life ozone treatment UV radiation

16. In the past untreated sludge was dumped directly into the ocean and this negatively impacted the marine environment so that process was discontinued. In many parts of the world raw sewage is still dumped into the ocean for disposal. Today sludge is recycled. The effluent is released into the environment containing fewer pathogens (in drought ridden areas the effluent is used directly for irrigation)

17. A sudden increase in rain or a flooding event will result in an increase in the coliform bacteria level in the water. Treatment plants can’t handle the excess water from storm drains so the water enters the environment untreated.

18. Reduces impacts of sewage. Cost is high depending on treatment. Treatment of sewage leads to produce of sludge (semi liquid material). This material contains concentrated levels of toxins. Decay bacteria thrive on sludge producing anoxic conditions. Number of species decreased, specimens collected from these areas show disease, tumors and other abnormalities.

19. Alternative to Sewage Discharge 1. Marshes can recycle nutrients better. 2. Clean Water Act 1972 has reduced the amount of suspended solids in sewage. 3. Recycle sludge as land fills, construction blocks and compost. 4. Farmland fertilizer 5. Burned to produce electricity 6. Fuel

20. Turbidity Secchi disc is used to measure turbidity level. The disc is lowered in the water until it can no longer be viewed. The depth at which the disc is no longer visible is defined as turbidity. Less than 2 meters indicated the water is very turbid, can’t see thru it. Increased turbidity due to plankton levels, less intense light, human activities

21. Oil – crude oil (petroleum) Crude oil- fuels and raw materials for making plastics, synthetic fibers, rubber, fertilizers and many other products. Sources of Oil- Natural seepage (not a pollutant) 584 million tons worldwide. Polluting oil, 85% water runoff, coastal cities, and fuel for small boats, jet skiis, 15% tanker/pipeline spills these are most deviating to marine life.

22. 1978 Amoco cadis 230,000 tons in Coast of Northern France 1989 Exxon Valdez Southern coast of Alaska 35,000 tons. Now double hulled boats are required, but older tanks don’t have this feature. Oil floats on surface-then slicks or black deposits on shore will eventually decompose (biodegradable) slow breakdown rate. Some components evaporate, others sink forming tar balls

23. Tar balls- form huge layers carried by wind and water current. Illegal dumping problem less become severe

24. Effects of Oil Reproduction rate goes down Toxicity for lasts years refined oil- more toxic Oil covering affects ability of organisms to maintain body temp = die from exposure Birds can’t fly - can’t eat = starvation Reduce wildlife in great numbers takes decades to rebuild Waves and tidal actions help to wash oil on to the beach away, however life is destroyed

25. Biodegradability is affected by temperature Large spills catastrophic drifting oil into salt marshes and mangrove forest. Sheltered communities = massive mortality that results in slow recovery

26. Cleaning Up Oil Spills 1. Fence off or contain the spill using booms - floating fences 2. Skimmers - boats with u shaped bottoms 3. Dispersants - chemical added to spill to break up oil into small droplets harmful to marine life oil remains underwater. 4. Steam/streams of hot water sterilize the beach. 5. Burning( air pollution many reported headaches, miscarriages) (health concerns)

27. Test 1

28. IV Persistent Toxic Substances- Remain in the environment for years Non-biodegradable: not readily broken-down by microorganisms.

29. Pesticides Pesticides- chemicals used to kill bugs. Carried into the ocean by runoff, rivers, sewage, absorbed by phytoplankton and enter food chain. Pesticides are absorbed and accumulated and concentrations become higher and more toxic in the food chain “Biological magnification” Effect of this seen in birds-divulged high concentrations and it interfered with reproduction. Eg. Brown pelican 1960s-1970s. 1972-DDT and others banned

30. PCB’s and other toxic chemicals: (polychlorinated biphenyl’s) Non-biodegradable, persistent, biological magnification, carcinogenic and birth defects seen. PCB’s still in use, careful disposal. However, decades of use have left significant amounts in the environment.

31. DDT Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (insecticide) The chemical enters the marine environment and enters the food chain where it accumulates in even greater concentrations. California Brown Pelican mid 1960’s resulted in thin shelled eggs that broke easily thereby reducing the number of offspring born. Bald eagle, peregrine falcon and osprey were also involved. This compound is still being used world wide.

32. Dioxins and Furans: carcinogens, birth defects, immune system damage and biological magnification seen.

33. Global Distillation GLOBAL DISTILATION: atmospheric forms of these chemicals enter the water cycle, then the oceans, then marine life. The chemicals are concentrated in Polar Regions due to the cold temperatures.

34. Heavy Metals Heavy Metals: Mercury: naturally released thru the weathering of rocks, volcanic activity, rivers and dust. It is used in chemicals to kill bacteria, mold and plants. Also used in the production of plastics, batteries, fluorescent lamps, drugs, tooth fillings, and thermometers.

35. The mercury accumulates in the food chain and result in levels too high for human consumption (tuna, swordfish) result in brain, liver, kidney damage. Older fish will show higher levels. Mercury is difficult to eliminate from the environment. 2004 US government put out a warning for pregnant women to watch their intake.

36. Lead: toxic to humans, nervous system damage and death. Found in car exhaust – this puts lead into the atmosphere. Also found in paint and ceramics. Lead has been removed from gasoline and this has improved the environment. Current Event: Flint Michigan: 2011 City officials trying to cut costs, so they change water suppliers. From the clean Detroit Lake Huron (expensive ) to the filthy flint river. Told to treat the water to lessen contamination but didn’t treat sufficiently.

37. 2014/2015 People and children getting sick with lead poisoning. Many officials involved in scandal, changed and falsified records. Water was corrosive and many pipes were damaged and now need to be replaced (very expensive) FEMA: gets involved and comes in with water for immediate distribution April 2016: criminal charges filed against the city officials who covered up the contamination and allowed the foul water to enter peoples homes for consumption.

38. Cadmium and Copper: these are wastes that are produced from battery manufacturing, discarded computers and electronic components. Copper is used as a treatment for wood products. These two metals are not in the atmosphere so it is a localized contaminate. Arsenic, chromium, copper, nickel, zinc, and tin are all produced and discharged into the waterways as a result of industrial processes.

39. Radioactive wastes Radioactive Wastes: (Nuclear Wastes) Have been known to cause leukemia, cancers. They do not need to be ingested and they easily penetrate tissue. They emit radioactive particles for years Natural isotopes are found in minute amounts. Some radiation from outer space reaches the earth Half life is the amount of time the isotope takes to decay. It will eventually over time become a less radioactive or non radioactive form of the element. Rays are emitted during decay and can pass thru the tissues of organisms ( gamma rays are the most damaging, beta, alpha)

40. It was once thought that storing radioactive wastes at the bottom of the ocean was safe, this was later proven untrue. The containers rusted and the waste products escaped. 1972: laws and international agreements were passed and prohibited the dumping of these wastes.

41. Some comes from the using of the atom as an energy source. Disposal is a problem: put in sealed containers and have been dumped in the ocean. Sunken nuclear submarines, planes carrying nuclear weapons are all sources of oceanic radiation. Nuclear reactor accidents. The use of nuclear and radioactive materials is regulated very well and poses no major threat to the marine environment.

42. Solid Waste SOLID WASTE Plastic bottles, foam cups, bags, rubber, glass and metals. 1972: London Convention banned ocean dumping Non biodegradable items (do not decay) have been found in the guts of animals. They mistake these items for food. They have also been found entangled in fishing lines, bags and the rings from soda cans. Medical waste has also been found washed up, from offshore dumping, on the beach in large quantities.

43. Thermal Pollution THERMAL POLLUTION Seawater is used to cool power plant and then the heated water is put back into the environment causing temperature fluctuations. Higher water temp = decreased oxygen content and increased plant growth. Dissolved oxygen content: DO is related to the temperature of the water Hypoxia: low DO levels and you will see a fish kill

44. The alteration and destruction of habitats leads to extinction (Natural consequence) Adaptation to the changing environment is called Natural Selection.

45. Extermination: human induced extinction Rare: any species that faces extinction. Threatened: the numbers of that species are low due to pollution, over exploitation, habitat destruction and disease.

46. Endangered: the immediate danger of disappearing forever. Eg: Whales = blubber, oil food Giant Clams = shells and food Marine Snails = shells by collectors food Sharks = fins, meat, teeth Sea Turtles = nests overrun, food, drown in nets Seabirds = over fishing reduces their food supply. Organisms with low reproductive rates are also at risk.

47. CONSERVATION: developing countries exhibit a conflict between resources and preservation and the economy. The development needs to be sustainable (meet the needs without affecting future generations)

48. Costal Management: promoting the wise use of coasts to ensure sustainability. Planning must accommodate both developers and neighbors. Efforts must include local, national and international projects and legislations.

49. Protected Areas PROTECTED AREAS: The Great Barrier Reef in Australia, The Florida Keys, National Estuarine Reserve, Northwest Hawaiian Islands, Marine National Monument.

50. Benefits of Reserves: Seeding: offspring of individuals inside the protected area settle elsewhere. Spillover: juveniles and adults move out of the protected area

51. Groups World Wildlife Fund United Nations Environment Program Nature Conservancy Sierra Club Environmental Protection Agency EPA NOAA: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

52. Habitat Restoration: This helps the habitat to recover from stress by transplanting and restocking key species from healthier areas (costly). The primary goal is to prevent habitat destruction. People can actively take a part and clean up the beaches.

53. Artificial Reefs: Increased fishing and they attract more life to the area. It is however, thought that these reefs just concentrate the fish in one area and making them easier to catch contributing to their depletion.

54. Burning of oil spill

55. Garbage barge for ocean dumping of trash

56. Water pollution in phillipines

58. Bangladesh