1. Next Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Chapter 27 Geography A Rugged Terrain Physical Geography of East Asia: The mountainous landscape, open ocean, and harsh climate of East Asia isolate the region and present challenges for the people living there.

2. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 27 Geography A Rugged Terrain Landforms and Resources Climate and Vegetation Human-Environment Interaction SECTION 2 SECTION 1 SECTION 3 Physical Geography of East Asia:

3. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 27 Geography Landforms and Resources Section-1 East Asia has a huge mainland area that includes rugged terrain. East Asia has a number of important islands off its eastern coast.

4. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 27 Geography Landforms and Resources Section-1 A Survey of the Region Landforms: Mountains and Plateaus East Asia stretches from western China to the east coast of Japan − also includes Mongolia, Taiwan, North Korea, South Korea Landscape has high mountains, deserts, cold climate, Pacific waters Rugged terrain created by tectonic plates colliding − natural barriers limit human movement, increase isolation Continued…

5. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 27 Geography Mountain Ranges of the Region Landforms: Mountains and Plateaus {continued} High mountains limited China’s contact with rest of Asia − world’s highest mountains located on western edge of region Kunlun Mountains are located in west China − source of Huang He (Yellow) and Chang Jiang (Yangtze) rivers Qinling Shandi Mountains divide northern China from the south Continued…

6. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 27 Geography Plateaus and Plains Landforms: Mountains and Plateaus {continued} Mountainous area includes some sparsely populated basins, deserts − includes Plateau of Tibet (Xizang Plateau) − western China’s Tarim Pendi Basin and Taklimakan Desert Gobi Desert stretches from northwest China into Mongolia − covers 500,000 square miles Mongolian Plateau is in northeastern China Northern China includes Manchurian Plain, North China Plain

7. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 27 Geography The Coast of China Peninsulas and Islands Eastern coast of China has several peninsulas − Shandong, Leizhou, and Macao Peninsulas − Portugal owned Macao; returned it to Chinese control in 1999 China’s long coastline has several major port cities like Shanghai Korean Peninsula is on eastern border of China − contains independent nations of North Korea and South Korea Continued…

8. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 27 Geography The Islands of East Asia Peninsulas and Islands {continued} East of China is continental shelf—the submerged border of continent Isolation of shelf islands allows them to develop in peace, security Chinese islands include Hainan and part of Hong Kong − Hong Kong was Britain’s; returned to China’s control in 1997 Japan is a small island nation with large economic power Taiwan once belonged to mainland China, which still claims it today

9. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 27 Geography The Chang Jiang Chang Jiang (Yangtze River)—longest river in Asia − flows 3,900 miles from Xizang (Tibet) to East China Sea − major trade route; floods often causing great damage The Huang He River Systems Huang He (Yellow River)—northern China river − starts in Kunlun Mountains in west, winds east for 3,000 miles − empties into Yellow Sea, named for yellow silt the river carries Continued…

10. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 27 Geography The Xi Jiang River Systems {continued} Xi Jiang (West River) flows southeast through south China − joins Pearl River (Zhu Jiang) to flow into South China Sea − Xi Jiang, three other rivers form estuary between Hong Kong, Macao Other Rivers of the Region Yalu Jiang river flows 500 miles along North Korea, China border − Chinese troops cross it in 1950 − attack UN forces, enter Korean War

11. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 27 Geography Land and Forests Limited farmland in sparsely populated, mountainous, western areas Most Chinese are in fertile eastern river basins where rice is grown Abundant forests in China, Japan, Taiwan, North and South Korea − Japan reserves forests by buying timber from other regions Resources of East Asia Uneven Distribution China, Mongolia, North Korea have natural, mineral resources Japan, South Korea, Taiwan have limited natural resources Continued…

12. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 27 Geography Mineral and Energy Resources Resources of East Asia {continued} China has large petroleum, coal, natural gas reserves − energy resources make China self-sufficient China’s mineral resources include iron ore, tungsten, manganese − also molybdenum, magnesite, lead, zinc, copper North and South Korea have coal, tungsten, gold, silver reserves Japan has lead, silver, coal, but must trade for most resources Continued…

13. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 27 Geography Water Resources Resources of East Asia {continued} China’s long river systems are important to its economy − provide crop irrigation, hydroelectric power, transportation − Three Gorges Dam on Chang Jiang will control floods, create power − Huang He and Xi Jiang provide hydroelectric power, transportation Sea is important food source for East Asia − Japan has one of world’s largest fishing industries

14. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 27 Geography Climate and Vegetation Section-2 East Asia has a dry highland climate in the west. The region has a humid climate in the east.

15. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 27 Geography Subarctic High Latitude Climate Zones Climate and Vegetation Section-2 Small subarctic zones on Mongolia’s and China’s Russian borders Summers are cool or cold; winters are brutally cold; climate is dry Vegetation is northern evergreen forest, mosses, lichens Highland Western China’s highland zone temps vary with latitude, elevation Vegetation also varies; forests, alpine tundra are typical Tundras have no trees, frozen soil a few feet below surface − only mosses, lichens, shrubs grow on tundras

16. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 27 Geography Humid Continental Mid-Latitude Zones Climate zone includes northeastern China, northern Japan − also North Korea, northern South Korea Forests are coniferous; temperate grasslands provide grazing − agriculture has replaced many forests Humid Subtropical Southeastern China, southern South Korea, south Japan, north Taiwan Deciduous forests in north, coniferous in southern, sandy soil

17. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 27 Geography Semiarid Dry Zones Includes parts of Mongolian Plateau Vegetation is mostly short grasses, food for grazing animals Desert Most of region’s deserts are in west central mainland Taklimakan Desert—in west China, between Tian Shan, Kunlun mountains Gobi Desert—in north China, southeast Mongolia − prime area for dinosaur fossils

18. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 27 Geography Tropical Wet Tropical Zones Typhoon—tropical storm that occurs in western Pacific Tropical climate zone in East Asia is small − strip of land along China’s southeastern coast − island of Hainan, southern tip of Taiwan High temperatures, heavy rainfall, high humidity all year Tropical rain forest has tall, dense forests of broadleaf trees

19. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 27 Geography Human-Environment Interaction Section-3 The Chinese are building the Three Gorges Dam to control flooding. The Japanese have developed creative ways to use their limited amounts of land.

20. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 27 Geography Human-Environment Interaction Section-3 The Three Gorges Dam An Engineering Feat In 1993, China began construction of the Three Gorges Dam − being built on China’s Chang Jiang river − should reduce flooding, generate power China’s largest construction project will be world’s biggest dam − will be 600 feet high, spanning a mile-wide valley − will create 400-mile-long reservoir, covering 1,000 towns Continued…

21. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 27 Geography Positive Effects The Three Gorges Dam {continued} Government believes dam will control Chang Jiang flooding − river irrigates half of China’s crops, drains one-fifth of land Giant turbines should generate 10% of China’s electrical power Will make it easier for ships to reach China’s interior through locks − river carries more than half the goods moved on China’s waterways − dam, locks will increase shipping capacity, decrease costs Continued…

22. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 27 Geography Negative Effects The Three Gorges Dam {continued} Most observers feel dam will also have negative effects − negative environmental impact may outweigh any benefits One to two million people will have to move − hundreds of historical sites, scenic spots will be submerged Dam could cost $75 billion rather than original $11 billion estimate − costs scare away many potential investors Continued…

23. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 27 Geography Negative Effects The Three Gorges Dam {continued} In building dam, government has not protected the environment New reservoir will flood land, reduce animal habitats − submerged factories could leak chemicals into water − region’s climate, temperature will be affected − some species (alligator, river dolphin, others) may vanish International groups slow to invest due to environmental concerns

24. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 27 Geography Crowded Living and Working Spaces Use of Space in Urban Japan 60% of 127 million people live on 3% of land along coastal plains − 80% live in largest cities: Tokyo, Yokohama, Osaka, Nagoya, Sapporo − 25 million in Tokyo, one of world’s largest cities Cities poisoned with mercury, PCBs—factory pollutants—in 1950s, ’60s − PCBs build up in animal tissue; cause disease, birth defects − PCBs banned in 1977 Continued…

25. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Next Previous Chapter 27 Geography Adapting to Limited Space Use of Space in Urban Japan {continued} Houses are small, sparsely furnished Many in cities live in apartments − family of four in a one-bedroom apartment is common Some move to suburbs, but must commute several hours to work Coastal cities reclaim land with landfill − landfill is solid waste buried in layers of dirt − Tokyo puts factories, refineries on landfill

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