1. UNESCO International Hydrological Programme Groundwater Management in Coastal Area – Port of Spain, Trinidad &Tobago 14-16 December 2011 Salvatore D’Angelo Natural Science Sector – Water Division GroundWater systems Section

2. UNESCO UNITED NATION Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 195 Members 195 Members 16 Novembre 1945 16 Novembre 1945 Preamble Preamble

3. The challenge we all have How to put water in the minds of people?

4. “If sustainable development is to mean anything, it must be based on an appropriate understanding of the environment – an environment where knowledge of water resources is basic to virtually all human endeavors.” WMO / UNESCO (1991) WMO / UNESCO (1991)

5. Some facts and figures: 26 July 2010 : HUMAN RIGHT 26 July 2010 : HUMAN RIGHT Water Resources The total volume of water on Earth is about 1.4 billion km3. The volume of freshwater resources is around 35 million km3, or about 2.5 percent of the total volume. Water Resources The total volume of water on Earth is about 1.4 billion km3. The volume of freshwater resources is around 35 million km3, or about 2.5 percent of the total volume. How the world uses freshwater: about 70 percent for irrigation about 22 percent for industry about 8 percent for domestic use How the world uses freshwater: about 70 percent for irrigation about 22 percent for industry about 8 percent for domestic use Water, Agriculture and Food Security The daily drinking water requirement per person is 2-4 litres, but it takes 2 000 to 5 000 litres of water to produce one person's daily food. Water, Agriculture and Food Security The daily drinking water requirement per person is 2-4 litres, but it takes 2 000 to 5 000 litres of water to produce one person's daily food.

6. Others facts and figures: Every day, 2 million tons of human waste are disposed of in water courses. Source: World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP) Every day, 2 million tons of human waste are disposed of in water courses. Source: World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP) Source: World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP) Source: World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP) Globally, diarrhea is the leading cause of illness and death, and 88 per cent of diarrheal deaths are due to a lack of access to sanitation facilities, together with inadequate availability of water for hygiene and unsafe drinking water. Source: JMP J(WHO & UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme) Globally, diarrhea is the leading cause of illness and death, and 88 per cent of diarrheal deaths are due to a lack of access to sanitation facilities, together with inadequate availability of water for hygiene and unsafe drinking water. Source: JMP J(WHO & UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme)J(WHO & UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme)J(WHO & UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme) Today 2.5 billion people, including almost one billion children, live without even basic sanitation. Every 20 seconds, a child dies as a result of poor sanitation. That's 1.5 million preventable deaths each year. W ater vector diseases kill more people than measles, malaria and aids jointly. Source: Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC) Today 2.5 billion people, including almost one billion children, live without even basic sanitation. Every 20 seconds, a child dies as a result of poor sanitation. That's 1.5 million preventable deaths each year. W ater vector diseases kill more people than measles, malaria and aids jointly. Source: Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC) Source: Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC) Source: Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC) More than one in six people worldwide - 894 million - don't have access to this amount of safe freshwater. Source: World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF More than one in six people worldwide - 894 million - don't have access to this amount of safe freshwater. Source: World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF Source: World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF Source: World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF

8. Main Line of Action 1 contribution to worldwide initiatives Main Line of Action 1 contribution to worldwide initiatives Interlinkage with other MDG ‘s MDG 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger MDG 6: Combat malaria and other water borne diseases MDG 8: Develop a global partnership for development MDG 7 Ensure environmental sustainability

9. Division of Water Sciences International Hydrological Programme Intergovernmental programme World Water Assessment programme Inter agency programme led by UNESCO UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education 20 water related centres under the auspices of UNESCO

10. International Hydrological Programme The only global intergovernmental scientific programme on water resources of the UN system * Created in 1975 after the International Hydrological Decade * Member States define needs and plans of phases * Growing emphasis on management and social aspects * Executed by Member States (there are 164 IHP National Committees) and other partners; UNESCO provides seed money

11. UNESCO IHP mandate promoting leading edge research that provides timely and appropriate policy- relevant advice to Member States; facilitating education and capacity development responding to the growing needs linked to sustainable development; enhancing governance in water resource management to achieve environmental sustainability

12. 1965-1974 IHD: Experimental Basins World Catalog of Very Large Floods World Water Balance & WR of the Earth 1975-1980 IHP-I 1981-1983 IHP-II 1984-1989 IHP- III 1990-1995 IHP- IV Hydrology and Water Resources for Sustainable Development 1996-2001 IHP-V Hydrology and Water Resources under Vulnerable Environment 2002-2007 IHP-VI Water Interactions: Systems at Risk and Social Challenges IHP Phases

13. IHP-VII (2008-2013) IHP-VII (2008-2013) Water Dependencies: Systems under Stress and Societal Responses Cross - cutting Programmes HELP / FRIEND THEME IV: Water and Life Support Systems THEME III: Ecohydrology for Sustainability THEME II: Strengthening Water Governance for Sustainability THEME I: Adapting to the impacts of global changes on river basins and aquifer systems Hydrological Research Water Resources Management IHP - VII IHP VI Initiatives PC - CP ISI IFI ICHARM G - WADI IAHS THEME V: Water Education for Sustainable Development Education, Transfer of knowledge, Capacity building

14. INTERDEPENDENCIES SOCIETALRESPONSES STRESS HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE ECONOMY ECOLOGY CLIMATE VARIABILITY QUALITY OF LIFE & ECOSYSTEM SERVICES Planetary systems are strongly interdependent. Water in the hydrological cycle acts as the essential ‘bloodstream’ for all terrestrial and coastal ecosystems, determining their dynamics and functioning and interrelates with economic and social cycles.

15. Real peopleReal catchmentsReal answers Hydrology for the Environment, Life and Policy To deliver social, economic and environmental benefit to stakeholders through sustainable and appropriate use of water by directing hydrological science towards improved integrated catchment management basins http://www.unesco.org/water/ihp/help

16. HELP GLOBAL NETWORK Evolving Operational Proposed Demonstration

17. FRIEND – Flow Regimes from International Experimental Network Data A global hydrological research programme

18. FRIEND : a global project

19. Some key objectives: Improved understanding of hydrological systems and water management needs in arid and semi-arid areas Improved understanding of hydrological systems and water management needs in arid and semi-arid areas Sharing of data and exchange of experience at regional and global scale and strengthening of global networks Sharing of data and exchange of experience at regional and global scale and strengthening of global networks Capacity building of individuals and institutions and dissemination of understanding to users and the public Capacity building of individuals and institutions and dissemination of understanding to users and the public

20. 39 transboundary aquifers inventoried in Africa Many countries and large urban conglomerations in Africa depend to a major extent or entirely on groundwater and the large shared aquifer resources represent often the only source for drought security and life sustenance of large populations in semi-arid areas Internationally Shared / Transboundary Aquifer Resources Management ISARM

21. UNESCO - OAS ISARM of the AMERICAS 68 transboundary aquifers inventoried

22. United Nations International Law Commission (UNILC) and the UNESCO new international legal instrument on transboundary aquifers Within the framework of the ISARM project, a multidisciplinary ad-hoc IHP task force of experts has been established by UNESCO to assist the Special Rapporteur of the UNILC on the preparation of a new international legal instrument on transboundary aquifers

23. BGR / UNESCO 2006 World Hydrogeological Map 1 : 25 000 000 WHYMAP Project UNESCO-BGR- IAH-CGMW-IAEA

24. From Potential Conflict to Co-operation Potential Water for Peace a contribution to World Water Assessment Programme

25. UNESCO – GRAPHIC Groundwater Resources Assessment under the Pressures of Humanity and Climate Change

26. Purposes of the GRAPHIC project In order to maintain the sustainable uses of groundwater resources, evaluations of changes in groundwater quantity and quality are necessary and important. This project will deal with groundwater resources assessment and future forecasting under the various pressures of human activities and climate changes.

27. UNESCO GRAPHIC project- Future Research Directions What climatic conditions lead to groundwater recharge. Case studies compilation and call for proposals for case studies addressed at UNESCO Member States, Research Institutes, Universities, etc. Link together climate, groundwater, and economic models. Integrate field data with remote sensing (GRACE) Development of specific Indicators on Groundwater & Climate Change and Groundwater & Human Pressures Upgrade the existing groundwater numerical flow model. Framework for the Global Monitoring of Groundwater Resources with a focus on climate variability and groundwater levels (IGRAC)

28. ISI International Sediment Initiative Objectives: encourage international cooperation in developing appropriate methods and managing regional and local sediment problems; promote monitoring of sediment data and information exchange; provide advice to policy makers in Member States and activate scientific and professional communities in all regions.

29. IFI International Flood Initiative /Programme IIASA

30. Urban Water Management Programme The Urban Water Management Programme (UWMP) aims to support countries in addressing water problems in cities and improving water management in urban areas. The Urban Water Management Programme (UWMP) aims to support countries in addressing water problems in cities and improving water management in urban areas.

31. Geographical distribution of UNESCO Water-related Centersand Chairs Geographical distribution of UNESCO Water-related Centers and Chairs UNESCO Centres (17) + UNESCO-IHE UNESCO Chairs on Water (13) ERCEIHP-HELP Centre ICHARM ICQHHS IRTCES IHE IRTCUD RCUWM RCTWS HT-KL CAZALAC URBAN WATER LAC Ondurman Lesotho Hassania Cape Jordan Nice Al Fateh Irkutsk Aristotle Ajman Hohai San Carlos Ouro Preto IGRAC CIH ITAIPU RCWAZ RCSA

32. Existing Centres and Institutes CATEGORY 1- legally part of UNESCO: UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education (Delft, The Netherlands) - 2003 UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education (Delft, The Netherlands) - 2003 CATEGORY 2 – under the auspices of UNESCO: CAZALAC - Centro del Agua para Zonas Aridas y Semiáridas de LAC - (La Serena, Chile) – (2006) CAZALAC - Centro del Agua para Zonas Aridas y Semiáridas de LAC - (La Serena, Chile) – (2006) HIDROEX – International Centre for Education, Capacity Building and Applied Research in Water (Brazil HIDROEX – International Centre for Education, Capacity Building and Applied Research in Water (Brazil

33. Water Programme for Environmental Sustainability

34. PHASE I 2005-07 Different aspects of groundwater management  6 national components: Algeria; Egypt; Eritrea; South Africa; Vietnam; Yemen “Water Programme for Africa, Arid and Water Scarce Zones” (WPA I) – Phase I ’05-’07

35. PHASE II 2008-2010 Adaptation measures to remediate to human and climate change impacts on groundwater aquifers  10 national components: Algeria, Brazil, Iraq, Jamaica, Montenegro, Morocco, South Africa, Trinidad & Tobago, Tunisia, Vietnam. “Water Programme for Environmental Sustainability” (WPA II)

36. “Water Programme for Africa, Arid and Water Scarce Zones” (WPA I) – Phase I ’05-’07 Human capacity enhancement for effective water resources management on:  Integrated water resources management  Groundwater artificial recharge  Water harvesting  Desalination system supplied by ren. energies  Reutilisation of wastewater  Amelioration sanitary conditions

37. UNESCO Water Portal www.unesco.org/water

38. Thank you ! www.unesco.org/water