1. Gold Mining and Consequences of Gold Mining Gold Mining and Consequences of Gold Mining Pages 28- 31 Workbook ESA 180- 181 P 169 O & S

2. 1. The Two Stages to NZ’s Gold Industry Stage One – the South Island Alluvial Gold Boom in the 1860’s Pages 28- 29 Workbook – read and note salient information re – where -impact and style of mining Stage Two – North Island Quartz Mining Page 30 – as above Page 180 – Read and make sure you know about the two types of mining – Alluvial and Quartz Nelson Marlb. GoldNelson Marlb. Gold with photos

3. The Economic Characteristics of Gold Mining Short-term Industry Based on a Depletable Resource P 30 add detail Industry Intensely Regional Impact P 30 add detail Raw Product Exported P 30 add detail The price was fixed P 30 Add detail www.handsonhistory.co.nz/programme.htm Prospecting for gold in the 1860's

4. The Continuing Influence of Gold Mining – influential – add from p 181 ESA Miners – International Workforce P 181 ESA note the points made P 29 Workbook – add any salient points

5. Sinclair argues that gold much less important in NZ than Aust or USA, but Olsen & Stenson argue that gold did have an enormous effect (Historiographical generalisation) Evidence Tremendous population growth in the S Island Age, sex structure unbalanced Male dominated 1w to 100 m in 1861 18 w to 100m in 1864 47 w to 100m in 1871 Males thought themselves to be a cosmopolitan (mixture of nationalities) except with arrival of Chinese who experienced prejudice Produced egalitarianism (sense of equality - same start in life) Simple belief when all people after the same thing – gold! Chinese gold miner, Clutha River The gold rushes attracted for the first time to New Zealand a significant group of non- European immigrants – the Chinese. Photographed in 1900 or 1901, this man was still cradling for gold over 30 years after his countrymen had first arrived. Alexander Turnbull Library.

6. The Overall Impact and Consequences of Gold Note the points at the bottom of P 181 ESA- then add the following Downstream effects dramatic- e.g. banks, business, traders, education, entertainment, manufacturing firms, markets for run-holders, Hannah’s Shoes started in Charleston!- which used to be a bigger town than Wellington! Europeans occupied most of the South Island! By 1870 farmers in Otago and Canterbury produced 90% wheat, 80% barley etc.

7. Sinclair argues that gold much less important in NZ than Aust or USA, but Olsen & Stenson argue that gold did have an enormous effect (Historiographical generalisation) Evidence Tremendous population growth in the S Island Age, sex structure unbalanced Male dominated 1w to 100 m in 1861 18 w to 100m in 1864 47 w to 100m in 1871 Males thought themselves to be a cosmopolitan (mixture of nationalities) except with arrival of Chinese who experienced prejudice Produced egalitarianism (sense of equality- sme start in life) Simple belief when all people after the same thing – gold!

8. NZ’s gold fields learnt from the Aussie experiences and took steps to prevent their mistakes from happening here. Therefore not the same degree of lawlessness. Technology later used to extract more gold e.g. sluicing – claims over water rights, dredges At the end of the 1860’s gold yields fell. Timber milling, flax and whaling remained… 17 million ounces were taken over a 50 year period. Question: Why was gold a ‘flash in the pan’ in relation to NZ’s developing economy? See p 182 Essay ex 121