1. HEAT TREATMENT LAB PRESENTATION BOGIE HEARTH FURNACE UET lahore

2. PRESENTED BY MUHAMMAD NAVEED ALAM ABDUL RAHMAN EHSAN UL HAQ UET lahore

3. CONTENTS OF PRESENTATION  Furnace classification  Heat treatment furnaces  Bogie hearth furnace  Atmosphere inside the furnace  Applications of bogie hearth furnace  Heat treatment processes performed in bogie hearth furnace  Technical data of bogie hearth furnace  Conclusion UET lahore

4. CLASSIFIACTION OF FURNACES UET lahore

5. BOGIE HEARTH FURNACE Bogie hearth falls in the category of Batch type or continuous furnace and it is improved or modified box type furnace. This furnace is specifically suitable for bulky and heavy components. UET lahore

6. INNER LINING OF THE FURNACE Generally, heat treatment furnace should be lined inside with low thermal mass type, that is, less dense refractory and insulation material to minimize heat storage by the inner lining. SUGGESTED REFRACTORY Pre-fired, dense quality shapes containing 35-58 percent alumina (Al 2 0 3 ) UET lahore

7. Figure 1. Bogie Hearth furnace UET lahore

8. Continuous Recirculating Bogie type Furnaces These types of moving hearth type furnaces tend to be used for compact stock of variable size and geometry. In bogie furnaces, the stock is placed on a bogie with a refractory hearth, which travels through the furnace with others in the form of a train. The entire furnace length is always occupied by bogies. Bogie furnaces tend to be long and narrow and to suffer from problems arising from inadequate sealing of the gap between the bogies and furnace shell, difficulties in removing scale, and difficulties in firing across a narrow hearth width. UET lahore

9. Figure 2. Continuous Recirculating Bogie Type Furnace UET lahore

10. FURNACE ATMOSPHERES A controlled Atmosphere is defined as the furnace atmosphere which protects the metal from oxidation and maintain the desired properties at the surface of metal during heat treatment. Broadly speaking controlled atmosphere is either Protective or Chemically Active. Protective Atmosphere: The aim of Protective atmosphere to prevent oxidation, decarburization and other unwanted chemical changes on the surface of the metal. UET lahore

11. Bright annealing, normalizing of ferrous and non-ferrous metals and alloys are the examples of Protective atmosphere. Chemically Active Atmosphere: The aim of this atmosphere is to bring about chemical changes on the surface of metal and alloy through out its whole cross-section. Carburizing, carbonitriding, decarburization, nitrididing, chromizing are the examples of chemically active atmosphere. UET lahore

12. Chemistry of Controlled Atmosphere Processes Reactions taking place in the furnace may be grouped as a)Reactions b/w metal and Oxygen b)Reactions b/w metal and Carbon c)Reaction b/w Gases UET lahore

13. A) Reaction b/w Metal and Oxygen These reactions are very important because they for the basis on which techniques are evolved for protecting the metals from oxygen. The reactions which control the oxidation in a furnace can be written as: UET lahore

14. The composition of these Systems at equilibrium is determined by: K 1 & K 2 are Equilibrium constants, and these are related with K T as: The oxidation/reduction potential depends on the ratio of the partial pressure of CO/CO 2 and the ratio of H 2 /H 2 O UET lahore

15. The actual required ratio is decided by the oxide dissociation pressure of particular metal at given temperature. The nature of different metals to oxidize can be shown by graph. This shows the variation of oxygen dissociation pressure of common metallic oxides. Those metals which have dissociation pressure lower than this point get oxidized in that atmosphere and vice versa. UET lahore

16. Figure 3, Oxygen Dissociation Pressure of some oxides with Temperature UET lahore

17. Critical Requirement of oxidation of some metals as a function of temperature containing water vapors and hydrogen UET lahore

18. Critical Requirement for oxidation of some selected metals in a atmosphere containing Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide UET lahore

19. Effect of Alloying on critical atmosphere requirement of some metals at given temperature containing water vapors and hydrogen UET lahore

20. B) Reactions B/w Metal and Carbon In case of ferrous alloys many practical processes involve lowering, maintaining or raising the initial carbon level in material. In other words carburization, decarburization or their prevention is involved. The common gases involve in carburizing the ferrous material are carbon monoxide and methane. Gases responsible for decarburization are hydrogen and water vapours. UET lahore

21. The following reactions are relevant in this context: For which the equilibrium constants are At a given temperature, the ratio Can be used for assessing the carbon potential UET lahore

22. The total concentration is considered. Methane Plays an important role in gas carburizing in steel as it is the main source of carbon. It strongly Influences soot deposition. The amounts usually presents are far in excess of those are required for equilibrium with other gases. Accordingly, the carbon potential is very high. UET lahore

23. Effect of ratio of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide in iron as a function of temperature UET lahore

24. The following reactions also required due consideration: Water vapors are decarburization as: For non-ferrous metals following reaction is important: It is assumed when atmosphere is contaminated with sulpher. UET lahore

25. C) Reactions b/w Gases Atmosphere containing hydrogen, oxygen and carbon are commonly used to bring about changes in composition for obtaining equilibrium at different temperatures. This changes the relative affinity of carbon monoxide and hydrogen with oxygen. At 850 degree C following reaction takes place: UET lahore

26. Carbon bearing gases may deposit carbon when temperature changes. If the water vapors are present the concentration of carbon monoxide cab be reduce because of the water gas reaction. Carbon deposition as a soot is also a practical problem, particularly in the surfaces which act as a catalytic site for the reactions. UET lahore

27. Commercially available Atmospheres 1.Town Gas 2.Ammonia 3.Charcoal 4.Liquid Organic Mixtures(Alcohol base for carburization) 5.Vacuum UET lahore

28. Process in Bogie Hearth Furnace Pre heating for Forging Press Hardening Heating of sheet metals Preheating of moulds Processes related to Heat Treatment Ageing Hardening Austempering Stress releasing UET lahore

29. PRESS HARDENING This is a production process for hot forming of sheet metals It combines both heat treatment in single step. sheets are heated beyond the austenizing temperature and cool into cool forming tool in which they are quenched. This quenched hardening process produce martensitic structure which increase its properties. UET lahore

30. PREHEATING OF MOULDS This is mostly use in aluminum alloy industry. In which die are preheated before casting. This preheating increase production as well as performance of cast. Good quality of product is obtained from this. UET lahore

31. Process specifically related to Heat Treatment Ageing Hardening Austempering Stress releasing UET lahore

32. AGEING Metallurgical process in which metal gets hardened with the passage of time, there are two types: i.Natural ageing ii.Artificial ageing UET lahore

33. HARDENING Hardening is a metallurgical and metalworking process used to increase the hardness of a metal. Types Types – Age hardening – Case hardening/ Surface hardening – Flame hardening – Quench Hardening – Precipitate hardening – Induction hardening UET lahore

34. HARDENING PROCESS IN BOGIE HEARTH FURNACE Hardening Case hardening Nitriding Carburizin g Carbonitri ding Flame hardening Quenched hardening Oil quench Water quench Precipitate hardening UET lahore

35. CASE HARDENING/ SURFACE HARDENING Thermochemical treatments to harden surface of part (carbon, nitrogen). Also called case hardening. May or may not require quenching. It involves – Carburizing – Nitriding – Carbunitriding UET lahore

36. In hardening carbon is deposited by diffusion process. Diffusion is material transport by atomic motion. UET lahore

37. CARBURIZING CARBURIZING is a case-hardening process in which carbon is dissolved in the surface layers of a low-carbon steel part at a temperature sufficient to render the steel austenitic to form martensitic structure. There is a gradient of carbon, which show different phases. UET lahore

38. CARBON CONTENTS AND DISTANCE as we move from the surface to core the carbon decreases. And the strength of specimen also decreases. Carbon contents and distance are reciprocal to each other UET lahore

39. Case depth and carburizing time UET lahore

40. CARBURIZING METHODS There are three different methods of carburizing – Pack carburizing – Gas carburizing – Liquid carburizing Pack carburizing Pack carburizing – Components are covered with coarse particles of char coal and sealed in container. – For more than 0.030in. Case less than this can not carburized. – Produce heterogeneous casing. UET lahore

41. GAS CARBURIZING Components are heated in carburized atmosphere by gas. Controlled carburizing atmospheres are produced by blending a carrier gas with an enriching gas, which serves as the source of carbon. In commercial practice carrier gas is used, which is enriched with hydrocarbon. Chances of decarburizing of high carbon contents steel are always present So it should be avoided. UET lahore

42. NITRIDING Heating the specimen in the atmosphere of mixture of ammonia and dissociated ammonia. Effectiveness depends upon nitrides presence. Nitrides case consist of two zones. – nitrides forming zone – Alloy nitrides layer UET lahore

43. FLAME HARDENING It does not change the chemical composition of specimen. For steel having 0.30 – 0.60% carbon contents. We mat apply oxyacetylene flame. Depth depends upon – Time – Speed of travel – Adjustment of flame intensity UET lahore

44. AUSTEMPERING AUSTEMPERING is the isothermal transformation of a ferrous alloy at a temperature below that of pearlite formation and above that of martensite formation. The specimen is left in the bath for the conversion of austenite to bainite. UET lahore

45. STRESS RELEASING Stress Relieving consists of heating the steel to a temperature below the critical range to relieve the stresses resulting from cold working, shearing, or gas cutting. Through this microstructure of specimen does not change. UET lahore

46. CLASSIFICATION OF HEAT TREATMENT TECHNIQUES UET lahore

47. TEMPERING Tempering is a heat treatment technique applied to ferrous alloys, such as steel or cast iron, to achieve greater toughness by decreasing the hardness of the alloy. The reduction in hardness is usually accompanied by an increase in ductility, thereby decreasing the brittleness of the metal. HOW TEMPERING IS PERFORMED? Tempering is usually performed after quenching, which is rapid cooling of the metal to put it in its hardest state. Tempering is accomplished by controlled heating of the quenched work-piece to a temperature below its "lower critical temperature" UET lahore

48. Photomicrograph of martensite, a very hard microstructure formed when steel is quenched. Tempering reduces the hardness in the martensite by transforming it into various forms of tempered martensite UET lahore

49. EFFECT OF TEMPERING ON HARDNESS UET lahore

50. ANNEALING Annealing, in metallurgy and material science, is a heat treatment that alters a material to increase its ductility and to make it more workable. Annealing can induce ductility, soften material, relieve internal stresses, refine the structure by making it homogeneous, and improve cold working properties. UET lahore

51. ANNEALING It involves heating a material to above its critical temperature, maintaining a suitable temperature, and then cooling. UET lahore

52. DIFFUSION ANNEALING This process also known as homogenizing annealing is employed to remove any structural non-uniformity. PROBLEM Dendrites, columnar grains and non metallic inclusions in steel ingots, such defects may promote brittleness and reduce ductility and toughness of steel. SOLUTION Steel is heated above the upper critical temperature UCT (say 1000-1200˚C) and held at this temperature for prolonged periods usually 10-20 hours followed by slow cooling. UET lahore

53. DIFFUSION ANNEALING RESULT Segregated zones are eliminated A chemically homogeneous steel is obtained as a result of diffusion. Austenitic grains are coarsened hence resuting coarse pearlite grains on cooling UET lahore

54. SALIENT FEATURES OF BOGIE HEARTH FURNACE Mechanized bogie drive Excellent temperature uniformity by re-circulating hot combustion products Very close temperature control Separate combustion section to avoid direct heating by radiation Very uniform properties of heat-treated parts Ideal for long sections, coils and castings alternative Lift and swing type doors to eliminate hot air leakage Sturdy bogie design to take care of the charge weight UET lahore

55. SAFETY CONTROLS (in case of gas or liquid fuel fired bogie hearth) The objective of a combustion safety system is to stop the flow of fuel. It is advisable to incorporate safety controls to interrupt fuel supply in the event of: low atomizing air pressures and supply in case of liquid fuel firing, low and high fuel pressure, low and high fuel temperature, power failure failure of any safety interlocks in safeguarding the process parameters. UET lahore

56. TECHNICAL DATA UET lahore

57. CONCLUSION The success of heat treatment depends upon:  the proper choice of heat treating furnace and the type of atmosphere maintained in it.  Providing protective atmosphere which is necessary to ensure that surface deterioration doesn’t take place in reactive metals during heat treatment  Maintaining constant temperature and raising the temperature at desired rate UET lahore