1. Unit One Energy and Matter Exchange in the Biosphere https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= v6ubvEJ3KGM Ecosystem Ecology: Links in the Chain - Crash Course Ecology #7

2. 1.1 How Energy Enters the Biosphere Energy enters the biosphere by photosynthesis. For some organisms, energy enters their part of the biosphere through the process of chemosynthesis.

3. 1.1 How Energy Enters the Biosphere (cont’d) Cellular respiration and photosynthesis (and chemosynthesis) are related processes. Photosynthetic producers capture the Sun’s energy and convert it to chemical energy (glucose). Chemosynthetic producers capture the chemical energy stored in chemical bonds and convert it to chemical energy (glucose).

4. Chemosynthesis http://www.youtube.com/watch?v= BLOUFrncG7Ehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v= BLOUFrncG7E

5. 1.1 How Energy Enters the Biosphere (cont’d) Consumers (heterotrophs) eat other organisms for energy. Primary consumers eat autotrophs. Secondary and tertiary consumers eat other heterotrophs. Decomposers consume dead organic material.

6. 1.1 How Energy Enters the Biosphere (cont’d) According to the laws of thermodynamics, energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another. No energy transformation is completely efficient, much of it is lost as heat.

7. 1.2 How Energy is Transferred in the Biosphere A food chain shows the linear pathway through which food is transferred from producers to primary consumers and to progressively higher feeding levels.

8. 1.2 How Energy is Transferred in the Biosphere (cont’d) A food web shows energy transfer among several food chains.

9. 1.2 How Energy is Transferred in the Biosphere (cont’d) Only part of the available energy from one trophic level can be transferred to the next. Assume that 10% of the energy available at a particular trophic level is transferred to the next.

10. 1.2 How Energy is Transferred in the Biosphere (cont’d) Ecological pyramids describe quantitative relationships between trophic levels. –A pyramid of numbers is based on the number of organisms in each trophic level.

11. –A pyramid of biomass is based on the biomass of organisms in each trophic level. 1.2 How Energy is Transferred in the Biosphere (cont’d)

12. –A pyramid of energy is based on the total amount of energy in each trophic level. 1.2 How Energy is Transferred in the Biosphere (cont’d)

13. Changes within one trophic level may result in changes to a higher or lower trophic level, as well as energy transfer through an ecosystem.

14. Biomagnification http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- UiCSvQvVyshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- UiCSvQvVys Let’s put DDT everywhere https://www.youtub e.com/watch?v=kH wqandRTSQhttps://www.youtub e.com/watch?v=kH wqandRTSQ John Stossel - DDT http://www.you tube.com/watc h?v=E5P- UoKLxlA http://www.you tube.com/watc h?v=E5P- UoKLxlA Biomagnificati on! http://vimeo.co m/25563376 http://vimeo.co m/25563376 Midway – plastic

15. Chapter 1 Review Explain the constant transfer of energy. How does matter cycle through the biosphere? Why is the biosphere both an open and closed system? Draw the following and describe the significance of each. –a pyramid of numbers, –a pyramid of biomass; and –a pyramid of numbers.

16. Chapter 1 Concept Organizer

17. Chapter 1 Summary Producers are autotrophs. Producers include photosynthetic organisms. Photosynthesis transforms the Sun’s radiant energy into energy-rich carbohydrate molecules such as glucose. Through cellular respiration, organisms use the energy from these molecules to support and sustain their lives. Consumers are heterotrophs and obtain energy by consuming producers and/or other consumers. Primary consumers eat producers, secondary and tertiary consumers eat other consumers, and decomposers consume all kinds of organisms.

18. Chapter 1 Summary (cont’d) Food chains model energy transfer from one trophic level to another. Food webs show how organisms in different food chains interact. Only a small percentage of energy from one trophic level is transferred to the next level. Ecological pyramids of numbers, biomass, and energy describe the connections among organisms at different trophic levels. Interactions of organisms in ecosystems are interrelated and changes at any trophic level, or changes to the environment that supports the organisms, can destabilize ecosystems.

19. Modern Marvels - Water https://www.youtube.com/watch?v =OoyskA2y9cchttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v =OoyskA2y9cc 45 min

20. 2.1 The Role of Water in Cycles of Matter The amount of water in the biosphere is finite. Water exists in the environment as a solid, a liquid, and a gas. It is recycled through the hydrological cycle. http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/earthguide/diagrams/watercycle/

21. 2.1 The Role of Water in Cycles of Matter (cont’d) Water dissolves a wide range of substances. Hydrogen bonding and polarity play key roles in determining the properties and uses of water, such as its ability to dissolve and transport materials. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ASLUY2U1M- 8&list=PLJicmE8fK0Ehrg3meytY7DT8LJiwuU3T h&index=62 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ASLUY2U1M- 8&list=PLJicmE8fK0Ehrg3meytY7DT8LJiwuU3T h&index=62

22. 2.1 The Role of Water in Cycles of Matter (cont’d) Water is essential for humans and ecosystems. Drought and poor water quality can affect water availability and impact humans and the environment.

23. 2.1 The Role of Water in Cycles of Matter The hydrologic cycle plays a central role in nutrient cycles (biogeochemical cycles). This flow chart demonstrates only some of the interactions between these cycles.

24. Introduction to Cycles http://www.accesslearning.com/vi deodetail.cfm?asset_guid=873A29 E6-0106-47E5-875A-4570E3024026http://www.accesslearning.com/vi deodetail.cfm?asset_guid=873A29 E6-0106-47E5-875A-4570E3024026 Video: Biosphere Cycles (23 min)

25. 2.2 Biogeochemical Cycles Carbon and oxygen are found in living organisms and in the land, atmosphere, and water. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mUVX5rg1E0I&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wCBvwwDpVL0&feature=related

26. 2.2 Biogeochemical Cycles (cont’d) Nitrogen is also found throughout the biosphere. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3UpXYS53nq0

27. The Nitrogen Cycle, Acid Rain and Fossil Fuels http://education- portal.com/academy/lesson/the- nitrogen-cycle-acid-rain-and- fossil-fuels.html#lessonhttp://education- portal.com/academy/lesson/the- nitrogen-cycle-acid-rain-and- fossil-fuels.html#lesson

28. 2.2 Biogeochemical Cycles (cont’d) Sulfur also cycles through the atmosphere, living organisms, land, and water. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BzPeA9oQNl8&NR=1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BzPeA9oQNl8&NR=1

29. 2.2 Biogeochemical Cycles (cont’d) Phosphorus is found in living organisms, land, and water, but it does not cycle through the atmosphere. http ://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3iwL24oVpH4&feature=relatedhttp ://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3iwL24oVpH4&feature=related

30. 2.2 Biogeochemical Cycles (cont’d) Carbon, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and phosphorus are all recycled through biotic and abiotic processes. They are stored in nutrient reservoirs and cycle through these reservoirs at different rates. Because biogeochemical cycles are interrelated, disruptions in one cycle can affect another.

31. 2.2 Biogeochemical Cycles (cont’d) Human activities impact all of the biogeochemical cycles. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yh5Ev8VEbZ0&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yh5Ev8VEbZ0&feature=related One side of this lake is bright green due to an algal bloom caused by excess phosphorus.

32. 2.2 Biogeochemical Cycles (cont’d) Nutrients in soil exposed by deforestation can be washed into rivers by rain Sewage washed into bodies of water carries nitrate and phosphate which can cause algal blooms Run-off carrying manure from farms add phosphate and nitrate to streams and rivers Run-off from fertilizer can enter rivers and oceans also causing algal blooms

33. 2.3 The Balance of the Matter and Energy Exchange (cont’d) Nutrient run-off can cause algal blooms and dead zones. Excess nutrients in Lake Erie have resulted in algal blooms, which have created a dead zone in the lake.

34. 2.2 Biogeochemical Cycles (cont’d) How Can we fix it? –Phytoremediation (using plants and bacteria to clean up toxic hydrocarbon spills in the environment) –Preserving wetlands (bogs, marshes and swamps) because they act as natural water filtration systems Water treatment systems especially near run-off areas (farms, sewage) also help to preserve aquatic life –Changing the way we meet our food, water and energy needs Alternative energy sources Conservation efforts Research about the biosphere using artificial environments (Biosphere 2, NASA’s Advanced Life Support Program, hypothetical Mars colony)

35. 2.3 The Balance of the Matter and Energy Exchange (cont’d)

36. Productivity is the rate at which an ecosystem’s producers capture and store energy over time. It is influenced by factors such as sunlight and nutrient availability.

37. 2.3 The Balance of Matter and Energy Exchange Explain how increased amounts of sunlight can have both positive and negative effects on productivity? What other factors (other than available nutrients) limit productivity?

38. 2.3 The Balance of Matter and Energy Exchange The Gaia Hypothesis (James Lovelock – 1979) –The biosphere acts like an organism regulating itself, maintaining environmental conditions within certain limits –How does the biosphere do this? –What would the biosphere be like if God did not create living things?

39. 2.3 The Balance of the Matter and Energy Exchange Biotic and abiotic processes maintain the balance of matter and energy exchange in the biosphere. If life never existed on Earth, levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen would be very different.

40. Chapter 2 Review What properties of water make it an excellent solvent? How do biogeochemical cycles interrelate with the hydrologic cycle? What is productivity? What can affect productivity? What causes algal blooms and why are they harmful to ecosystems?

41. Chapter 2 Concept Organizer

42. Chapter 2 Summary The amount of water in the biosphere is limited. It is re-used through the hydrologic cycle. Water can dissolve a wide array of substances due to hydrogen bonding and polarity. Water is essential to humans and ecosystems. Carbon, oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen cycle through the atmosphere, land, living organisms and water. Phosphorus is rarely found in the atmosphere. Cycling of these nutrients through biotic and abiotic processes makes them continuously available. They can also be stored in reservoirs for varying lengths of time.

43. Chapter 2 Summary (cont’d) Natural processes and human activities can affect the transfer of energy and the cycling of matter through the biosphere. An imbalance in one cycle can affect another cycle. For example, excess phosphorus and nitrogen can run off into aquatic ecosystems, where it can cause algal blooms.