5. Australia Type of Government: –Federal Parliamentary Democracy –Commonwealth Realm Leader(s): Head of State- Queen Elizabeth II Malcolm TurnbullPrime Minister- Malcolm Turnbull –As of 9/2015 –Conservative Liberal Party turnover turnover –A lot of turnover! Five leaders since 2007turnover Official language: – English Religion: –Mostly Christian –Buddhist- 2.5% // Muslim 2.2% // Hindu 1.3% Ethnicity: –39.8%- UK & Ireland –25.4%- Australian –.5%- Aboriginal Currency: –Australian dollar Independence: –1901 UK Colonization: –‘Discovered’ by Captain Cook in 1770 Discovered? Or Invaded? DEBATE! –First colony (penal colony) 1788 –Gold discovered in mid 1800’s

6. Discovered VS Invaded An American observing this would be entitled to be bewildered. Theirs is a dark history too – one that encompasses indigenous dispossession, slavery and segregation – but it's a history they can hardly be accused of denying in the way we do. Sure, indigenous American history is frequently ignored, but this is partly because it is buried beneath the sheer tonnage of black history that is so constantly rehearsed. There will be people in the US south who lament losing the Civil War, and who cling to the Confederate flag. But it's hard to imagine a public freak-out because a university wanted to discuss slavery. By now, slavery and its abolition are central parts of the American story. There might be varying degrees of honesty in the way the US tells that story, but it has typically found a way to incorporate its warts…

7. News Items Aboriginal Australians –‘White Australia” –‘White Australia” (official policy from 1901- 50’s. favored immigration from UK to Aboriginal AustraliansWhite AustraliaWhite Australia –Apologized in 2008 Future of the Monarchy –1999, 55% of Australians voted against becoming a republic Strong economy –In Past 20 years, orientation Asia (China) rather than West… Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) –BUT… Environmental Concerns –Reefs, Perth, droughts…ReefsPerth new info new info –IPCC new info for OZnew info Aboriginal Art Lost Generation Lost Generation Population growth– Restricting immigration Jail

8. New Zealand Type of Government: –Parliamentary Democracy –Commonwealth Realm Leaders –Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II –Prime Minister: John Key- National Party (NP) Political Parties –MULTIPARTY: including NP, Maori Party Official Language –English, Maori, and Sign Language Ethnicity –71.2% European –14.1% Maori –11.3% Asian Religion –Christian 44.3%, no religion 38.5% Hindu 2.1%, Buddhist 1.4%, Maori Christian 1.3%, Islam 1.1% Currency –New Zealand Dollar Independence –1907 from UK Colonization Two different versions Two different versions –Treaty of Waitangi 1840: founding document in NZ history. Two different versions?Two different versions –Sparked land wars between Europeans and Maori Signing of the Treaty of Waitangi

9. News Items Alternate Energy Sources –Hydroelectric & Geothermal –70% renewable electricity. –By 2060, Key pledges to reduce GHG emissions by 50% –1980’s US Nuke beef  2008 Free Trade Agreement with China. –First Western country to sign a free trade agreement with China Maori VS Aborigine Kiwi! Arapuni: North Island Benmore: South Island Marae

10. Haka KA MATE! We're going to die! We're going to die! We were at war KA ORA, KA ORA! We're going to live! We're going to live! But now there is peace. KA MATE! KA MATE! We're going to die! We're going to die! We thought we were all going to die KA ORA, KA ORA! We're going to live! We're going to live! but now we are safe TENEI TE TANGATA PU'RU-HURU This is the man, so hairy because our leader, so strong and masculine, NA'A NEI TIKI MAI WHAKA-WHITI TE who fetched, and made shine the has unified us and brought back the sunny days of RA! UPANE! KA UPANE! sun! Together! All together... ! peace. We are all working in harmony, side by side, A UPANE! KA UPANE! Together! All together... ! moving in unison like the hairs on our chief's legs WHITI TE RA! To sun shines! to prolong these sunny days of peace. HI ! Yeah!

11. VS Prejudice

12. Papua New Guinea Type of Government –Constitutional Parliamentary Democracy –Commonwealth Realm Leader(s) –Chief of State: Queen Elizabeth II –PM Peter Paire O'NEILL (Aug 2012) Political Parties –Multiparty: People’s National Congress ^ Official Language –Tok Pisin (Creole Language) –English –Hiri Motu (1%) Roughly 836 indigenous languages 12% of world’s spoken languages Religion –Mostly Christian –Some Indigenous beliefs Currency –Kina Independence –From Germany (L) / UK (R) to Australia in 1902 –Independence in 1975

13. Word Worm Polygot –Competent in Many Languages Lingua franca –Language used for Convenience and Communication Creole Language –A creole language, or simply a creole, is a stable language that originated from a mixture of various languages

14. News Stories One of the world’s most diverse countries –Language // ethnicity –Infrastructure 80% of people live in rural homes without modern amenities Minerals and Oil that cannot be mined! Separatist movements: –In Papua (Indonesia) –Separatist rebellion on island of Bougainville was finally resolved with election of first autonomous government in 2005 –1989-1997, 20,000 dead 2012 Transparency International –Papua New Guinea ranked one of the most corrupt in the world –Papua New Guinea is a source, destination, and transit country for men, women, and children subjected to sex trafficking and forced labor Relationship with Australia! –Manus Island –Manus Island (current newsfeed)Manus IslandManus Islandnewsfeed –Australia has been a major supplier of aid –Relies on assistance from Australia to keep out illegal cross-border activities from primarily Indonesia, including goods smuggling, illegal narcotics trafficking, and squatters and secessionists provided peace-keeping forces Papua New Guinea First Nation to Submit Post- COP21 Climate Plan NDC NDC –The first nation to actually submit an NDC (Nationally Determined Contribution)NDC

15. Fiji GovernmentGovernment –Republic –Rejoined the Commonwealth in 2013… Leader(s)Leader(s) –CoS: President (largely ceremonial): Jioji Konrote (since 11/2015) "Frank" BAINIMARAMA –PM: Commodore "Frank" BAINIMARAMA coupSince coup in Dec 2006 Won elections in September, 2014 Fiji now considered a “DEMOCRACY” again! Political PartyPolitical Party –DOMINANT PARTY: Frank Bainimarama’s Fiji First Party (as of 2014) Official LanguageOfficial Language –Fijian and English –Hindustani also spoken Dialect from NW India // Hindi & Urdu EthnicityEthnicity –56.8% iTaukei/ 37.6% Indian Indo-Fijians: Ethnic Indians born in Fiji iTaukei (Indigenous Fijians)- Ethnic Fijian Polynesians ReligionReligion –55% Christian/ 27.9% Hindu CurrencyCurrency –Fijian Dollar IndependenceIndependence –1970 from UK And the coups???And the coups???coups

16. Fiji’s History coup1987 (MAY): Bloodless coup by General Rabuka to overthrow the Indian dominated Government and make ethnic Fijians politically dominant. 2 nd coup!commonwealth of Nations1987 (OCT): 2 nd coup! Fiji declared a Republic, expelled from commonwealth of Nationscommonwealth of Nationscommonwealth of Nations 1989: Thousands of ethnic Indians Flee! discriminatory1990: New constitution- discriminatory against ethnic Indians… NON-discriminatory1997: New constitution- NON-discriminatory against ethnic Indians 1999: Ethnic Indian Chaudry elected Prime Minister Civilian Coup!2000: Civilian Coup! –New PM held hostage by ethnic Fijian businessman George Speight. Ethnic Fijians storm Parliament Held hostage for 56 days… 2001 (AUG): Elections restore democracy. New PM- Fijian Laisenia Qarase. Speight first pardoned, now life in prison RACIAL TENSIONSRACIAL TENSIONS Frank Bainimarama Frank Bainimarama2006 (OCT): Tensions between PM Qarase and military chief Frank BainimaramaFrank Bainimarama Military coup!2006 (DEC): Military coup! Bainimarama takes executive power, puts PM Qarase under island arrest. Fiji suspended from the Commonwealth. SUSPENDS CONSTITUTION!!!SUSPENDS CONSTITUTION!!!SUSPENDS CONSTITUTION!!!SUSPENDS CONSTITUTION!!! –2009: Fiji's Appeal Court in April 2009 to declare the military government illegal Constitution suspended and Commodore Bainimarama reappointed as interim prime minister for a further five years. MILITARY GRIP 2009 (JULY): Hereditary Chief Epeli Nailatikau appointed President. Supports Bainimarama. Coup In Pictures Coup

17. Commonwealth of Nations: one website Welcome to the Commonwealth of Nations: 2.2 billion citizens...20% of global trade... 53 countries... one website! one websiteone website Intergovernmental organization founded in 1931 –53 states Fiji suspended, then reinstated in September 2014then reinstated in September 2014 Zimbabwe left in 2003 The Gambia left in 2013 –All but 1 country is a former British Colonies. That former Portuguese colony?: Mozambique What do they do? –Coalition that promotes peace, democracy, charity, trade, Commonwealth games Facts! –94% live in Asia and Africa –Largest Countries India, Pakistan, Nigeria, Bangladesh, UK, South Africa –Smallest Country Tuvalu