1. STAAR PowerPoint Review U.S. History Coach Smith Spring 2016

2. 1760-1800 Foundations of American History 1941-1945 WWII 1800-1890 Westward Expansion1945-1960 Start of Cold War, 1950s, & Economic Prosperity 1870-1900 Gilded Age & Industrial Revolution 1945–1990 Cold War 1890-1920 Progressive Era 1954-1980 Civil Rights 1890-1920 Imperialism & Expansionism 1960-1975 1960s & Vietnam (America’s Rise as World Power) 1970-1989 1970s & 1980s 1920-1929 Roaring 20s (Jazz Age) 1990-2016 1990s & Modern America 1929-1941 Great Depression

3.  Due to high cost of French & Indian War, British taxed the colonists to help pay the war debt.  Colonists objected to these taxes & this eventually led to their Declaration of Independence.  Colonists primarily objected to the Stamp, Tea, & Coercive Acts

4. 1760-1800 Foundations of American History 1954-1980 Civil Rights 1800-1890 Westward Expansion 1960-1975 1960s & Vietnam 1870-1900 Gilded Age & Industrial Revolution 1970-1989 1970s & 1980s 1890-1920 Progressive Era 1990-2016 1990s & Modern America 1890-1920 Imperialism & Expansionism (America’s Rise as World Power) 1920-1929 Roaring 20s (Jazz Age) 1929-1941 Great Depression 1941-1945 WWII 1945-1960 Start of Cold War, 1950s, & Economic Prosperity 1945-1990 Cold War

5. Written primarily by Thomas Jefferson Stated reasons why American colonies had the right to separate from England July 4, 1776

6. Rights that cannot be taken away Life, liberty, & pursuit of happiness Instituted in the Declaration of Independence

7. Ended the American Revolution Britain recognized the U.S. as new nation with Mississippi River as the western border

8. 1787 Framework for the US gov’t Remains a model for representative gov’t Adoption of Constitution

9. Created by the Founding fathers Revised from the Articles of Confederation Foundation of the gov’t used today

10. 1st of the ten Bill of Rights 1791 People can freely exchange ideas without fear of imprisonment People can be well informed through the press

11. 1st 10 amendments protect basic liberties & individual rights Individual rights include freedom of religion, speech, press, etc. 17 amendments that follow the Bill of Rights expand individual rights of Americans

12. Gov’t by popularly elected representatives, not a king Allows people to be the final source of authority

13. In 1787 the Constitution was drafted, which formed the idea of federalism States that power is shared between the national or federal gov’t & the states

14. System where each branch of gov’t has ability to limit power of the other branches to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful Provided by the Constitution to ensure that America would never have a monarchy x

15. Gov’t subject to the will of the people Created a representative system of gov’t where officials speak on behalf of the people New Constitution was based on this idea

16. Gov’t only has the powers the Constitution gives to it

17. Government principle where power is divided among different branches Legislative (House & Senate)- makes the law Executive (President)- enforces the law Judicial (Courts)- interprets the law

18. Commercial Industries— Factories created by the Industrial Revolution Cottage— Before the Industrial Revolution, most people produced goods at home Increase need for cotton by factories

19. Increased speed of production Moved production from home to the factory After Civil War, went from rural to industrial society More goods at lower prices Began in the 1700’s in Great Britain in the textile industry

20. Market Oriented—One crop, many hired workers, profit Subsistence—variety of crops primarily for own use

21. Idea that America was meant to stretch from coast to coast. Caused a massive surge of people to settle westward

22. President Andrew Jackson proposed Forced removal of Native Americans to lands west of Mississippi River Many died Done to make room for westward expansion.

23. Problems—hostility, poor working conditions, low wages, isolation, & ghettos. Nativism—preference for native-born Americans & a hatred of immigrants. Reasons- religious freedom, political persecution, & poverty

24. North wanted strong central gov’t while the South wanted States’ Rights Issue of slavery Civil War in U.S. North prevailed 1861-1865

25. Effect-Many African Americans rushed to join the Union army Attempted to free all the slaves that lived within states that were rebelling against the Union 1862 President Abraham Lincoln

26. Banned slavery in America 1865

27. Former slaves became citizens Ratified 1868

28. Voting will not be denied based upon race 1870

30. Began in 1862 after the Pacific Railway Act was passed Provided jobs More cities were developed Biggest factor that promoted the growth of the West

31. 1872-1912 Cattle boom following the Civil War & the Homestead Act (free land for families to move into the Great Plains) caused the settlement of the Western frontier

32. Cheap labor, new inventions & technology, & raw materials promoted industry Gov’t policies encouraged growth Andrew Carnegie & John D. Rockefeller were two famous entrepreneurs Large corporations became important to the economy Railroads, telephones, & telegraphs linked different parts of the country, creating a new nat’l market Polluted environment, destroyed small companies, & abused workers Lowered cost of products, raised standard of living, & created jobs

33. During Industrial Revolution, immigrants came seeking jobs, African-Americans tried to escape the prejudices of the South, & farmers moved because new technology displaced them Positives—better paying jobs, bright lights, running water, modern plumbing Negatives— overcrowding, dumbell tenements, corrupt politics, riots, poor sanitation, & pollution

34. African Americans—given worst jobs, much poverty existed, Jim Crow laws came into effect & caused violence, lack of voting privileges, KKK Women— considered the “homemaker”; unable to vote until 1919 Spanish speaking Americans—by acquiring the Southwest after the Mexican-American War, many Mexicans became Americans; their land was taken & they were treated badly Native Americans— pushed off their land & forced to live on reservations Due to nativism (fear of foreigners) minorities experience violence & prejudice

35. Full-time employment of children under the minimum legal age because families needed the income Impact: minimum working age was set at 16 More production, less pay Abuse, exploitation, illiteracy, death Early 1900’s

36. Workers realized that they needed to band together to protect and better themselves This led to many positive changes for the workers Gov’t & big business tried to limit unions, by the early 20 th century gov’t was supportive Economic growth caused long working hours, unsafe conditions, & low wages Late 1880’s workers began to organize into unions, Knights of Labor was1st nationwide industrial union

37. Separate but equal was OK such as separate drinking fountains, restrooms, schools, etc. Supreme Court case that upheld racial segregation Really hurt equality, but it was eventually overturned by Brown vs. Board of Education (1954)

38. During the last half of 19 th century, farmers believed the new urban industrial society was dominating American life 1891-1896 This agrarian malaise was a result of economic complaints, an outgrowth of the isolation of farm life, & a reaction to the departure of increasing numbers of young people who left the farms for the cities Discontent contributed to the creation of the Populist Party in the 1890’s Political party pushed for rights of disadvantaged groups such as the farmers

39. President William McKinley 1899 U.S. policy that opened trade in China to all nations

41. Stressed importance of nations needing large navies to protect merchant ships & defend right to trade with other countries Published The Influence of Sea Power Upon History in 1890 Helped U.S. become a top naval power

42. Causes- yellow journalism, American interest in Cuba, sinking of the Maine, the Delome Letter, & moral interests 1895- Cuban workers rebelled against Spain seeking their independence Outcome- U.S. acquired Philippines, Puerto Rico, & Guam; Cuba became independent; U.S. emerged as a world power

43. 1898 Ship exploded in Havana Harbor of Cuba U.S. blamed Spain One of the main instigators of starting the Spanish American War

44. Teddy Roosevelt called for the building of the Panama Canal Completed in 1914 Canal built across Central America Made access from the Atlantic to Pacific much faster

46. Series of movements aimed at renovating or restoring American society, its values, & its institutions 1890-1920 Areas of reform— industrialization, growing cities, mass immigration, depression, & women’s rights

47. President from 1901- 1909 Acquired Panama Canal Zone Progressive president Roosevelt Corollary (Big Stick Diplomacy) - U.S. would be policeman in Latin America

48. Conservation use limited resources wisely. Preserva To keep something as it is. Preservation To keep something as it is John Muir was a big preservationist & wanted federally controlled lands to be left alone Gifford Pinchot, adviser to TR on natural resources in this country, favored using federally controlled lands for parks & refuges

49. Muckraker A journalist who exposed the corrupt side of business & public life in the early 1900s The Jungle by Upton Sinclair exposed the meatpacking industry As a result, Pure Food & Drug Act of 1906 banned impure or mislabeled foods & drugs Meat Inspection Act of 1906 provided federal meat inspections take place

50. Susan B. Anthony Leaders of the women’s rights movement from 1851 - 1906 Arrested for casting a vote in the 1872 Presidential election Convinced Congress to grant women the right to vote

51. Allowed a group of citizens to introduce legislation & required the legislature to vote on it Right that enables voters to remove unsatisfactory elected officials from office The practice of letting voters accept or reject measures proposed by the legislature (initiatives) Popular vote on an issue

52. 16 th Amendment 1913 Authorizes US citizens pay income taxes so the gov’t will have money for projects that would benefit all Direct election of senators – now elected by the people, not the state. Puts more power in the hands of the people

53. 1868-1941 Civil Rights movement leader Argued that blacks could regain lost ground & achieve full equality only by demanding their rights Advocated for the “talented tenth” – the most educated 10% of blacks – to lead the fight against segregation Started the NAACP

54. Migration – moving within the U.S. Great Migration 1890-1930 Blacks moved north & west to escape prejudice

55. Opposed imperialism & promoted democracy President during WWI Progressive president Proposed 14 Points Proposed the League of Nations, but it was not passed

56. 1914-1918

57. 194-1918 Known as “Great War” U.S. became an international leader Sparked industrial boom & launched the prosperous 20’s

58. Viewed WWI as an European conflict Though claiming to be neutral, U.S. supplied the Allies with food, supplies, weapons, & other items. Germans sank U.S. merchant ships by using unrestricted submarine warfare Zimmerman Telegram was a secret message from the German gov’t to Mexico asking them to keep a dispute ongoing with the US

59. 1917 Cause of US entering WWI Germans sank ships, military & commercial, without warning Most famous was the Lusitania, a British passenger liner

60. At Home During WWI Gov’t sold Liberty Bonds to Americans during WWI Buying bonds Americans helped finance the war Conserve food & goods for the military in Europe (Meatless Mondays and Wheatless Wednesdays)

61. Henry Cabot Lodge Political Leader noted for the failure of League of Nations & Wilson’s 14 Points because he wanted ta “hands off” approach to world problems (Isolationism) Wilson’s 14 Points &League of Nations At the end of WWI, President Wilson worked to get the Allied Powers to accept his 14 points that would help establish & keep peace in the world. The most important of these points was the League of Nations, a peace keeping organization.

63. 19 th Amendment Gave women the right to vote in state & nat’l elections

64. Changing Roles of Women in the 1920’s New household appliances reduced housework, so a greater number of women went to college & worked outside the home Flappers were liberated, stylish, & unconventional

65. The Red Scare Communists seized power in Russia in 1917 After WWI, Americans feared that Communists, “REDS,” might seize power in the USA Many people were wrongly accused of being communists Most of the accused were deported or jailed

66. Immigration After WWI, strong feelings against immigrants arose Fear of Communism was seeping into the USA Immigration from Southern & Eastern Europe was greatly limited

67. Prohibition In 1920, 18 th Amendment prohibited alcoholic beverages in the U.S. Many saw alcohol as cause of poverty & crime, thus pushing for Prohibition After passage of the 18 th amendment, organized crime rose 21 st amendment repealed Prohibition because of problem enforcing it & need for more jobs

68. Henry Ford Introduced moving assembly line to automobile production in 1914 Increased manufacturing efficiency Turned America into a car based society because cars became affordable

69. Charles Lindberg First man to fly nonstop solo across the Atlantic Ocean Support for commercial flight grew Show America’s courage & ingenuity

70. Clarence Darrow Lawyer who defended John Scopes Scopes’ trial pertained to a high school biology teacher who was arrested for teaching evolution; Scopes was found guilty Trial illustrated the clash between new scientific theories & older fundamentalist religious beliefs

71. William Jennings Bryan Beginning in 1896, Bryan ran for President (Populist Party) many times & received many votes, but not quite enough to win Prosecutor in the Scopes’ trial Delivered the famous “Cross of Gold” speech denouncing bankers for “crucifying mankind on a cross of gold”

72. Causes of Economic Growth and Prosperity Higher wages & shorter workdays paved the way for a decade long buying spree that kept the economy booming People began believing in their ability to pay their debt over time, so they started to buy more & more; unfortunately, some bought more on credit faster than their income increased

73. Urban Ghetto in New York City with the largest number of African Americans that had traveled to the North from the South during the Great Migration Originating in New Orleans from African American Blues & West African rhythms. Jazz was so popular the era was called the Jazz Age. Duke Ellington & Louis Armstrong were the most famous musicians of that time. African American CultureAfrican American Culture Music (Jazz & Blues) Poetry Art Work Spread to other major cities Spread to other major cities Famous African American writer/poet Wrote about racial oppression Known as the “Black Poet Laureate”

74. Young artists, such as poets & writers, became disillusioned with America & materialism Some big names of the day –F. Scott Fitzgerald –Ernest Hemingway –Robert Frost –Georgia O’Keefe.

76. The Great Depression 1929 – 1941 Presidents Hoover & FDR Hoover felt that federal gov’t should not get involved; he began some programs, but they were too little, too late  FDR – President during bulk of the Depression; his New Deal domestic plan initiated many programs such as the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) & the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA WWII ended the Depression

77. Causes of the Great Depression Stock Market Crash Companies were producing more goods than people could afford to buy Not all groups of people shared in prosperity of the 20’s; farmers really suffered the worst Real estate speculation & get rich schemes Many banks made poor decisions about who to loan money to Over extension of debt by buying on credit

78. Decline in World Trade High US tariffs kept European products out of the US; other countries retaliated by imposing their own high tariffs World trade came to a halt, a major contributor to the deepening of the Great Depression

79. Stock Market Crash 1929 Caused by over speculation & buying stocks on margin People could not repay their loans or rent Caused banks to close One event that led to the Depression

80. Social Security Act Provided for old age & disability survivors Provides workers with Unemployment support Insurance for families if the parents died We still have it today, but more money is going out than coming in

81. Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) Authorized in 1934 Protects the public against fraud, deception, & inside manipulation in the stock market. Continues to be important today.

82. Effects of the Great Depression on the Economy Expanded federal gov’t in the economy Guaranteed a wide range of social & economic benefits Caused a ripple in society that displaced families, jobs, & fortunes

83. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) Insured individual deposits up to $5,000 Created as result of the Great Depression in the 30’s when banks failed & people lost their money Still exists today to safeguard our money

84. Dust Bowl 1930’s Depicted in The Grapes of Wrath Drought hit Great Plains, many farmers headed west to CA in hopes of a better life Dorothea Lange, photographer, changed the way public & gov’t viewed the country’s poor

86. Rise of Dictatorship After WWI, Europe was unstable; Dictators took control of Italy & Germany due to much suffering Japan began to expand its empire by moving into China U.S. returned to its traditional policy of isolationism set by Washington

87. 1941 & 1945 1941- Japan attacked Pearl Harbor & U.S. entered into WWII 1945- End of WWII with the dropping of the atomic bombs on Japan

88. Attack on Pearl Harbor Dec. 7, 1941, Japanese planes attacked Pearl Harbor, Hawaii Caused U.S. to enter into war against Japan Since Italy & Germany had alliance with Japan, these countries declared war on the U.S.

89. Rationing in WWII Meat, Sugar, Gasoline & rubber were severely limited Ration books were used Victory gardens were planted Everyone sacrificed to help with war effort

90. Japanese Internment War produced animosity toward Japanese & Japanese Americans Many feared these people might commit acts of sabotage War relocation authority carried out policy of forcing Japanese Americans into relocation camps Forced to live behind barbed wire in primitive & crowded conditions

91. Women in WWII Worked outside the home in great numbers Fashions changed because of a shortage of certain materials Rosie the Riveter was the new image of a woman who could work in a factory & do a “man’s” job

92. Name given to the mass slaughter of Jews & other groups of people by the Nazis during WWII

93. Invasion of Normandy “D –Day” June 6, 1944 Allied invasion of France Soviet Union had pushed for this because it opened up a second front in Europe

94. Battle of Midway June 3-6, 1942 Most important battle in the Pacific during WWII Turning point of the war in the Pacific Japanese went on defensive & U.S. began to liberate Pacific islands from Japanese control

95. Development of the Atomic Bomb Code name: Manhattan Project First atomic bomb was detonated in 1945 in New Mexico Results revealed prompt & utter destruction

96. Truman’s Decision to use the Atomic Bomb Provided a quick end to war in the Pacific in 1945 Saved countless American lives by not invading Japan

97. The G.I. Bill Passed in 1944 during WWII Provided education, medical care, job training, unemployment pensions, & offered low mortgage loans to veterans These loans led to the growth of the suburbs in the 1950’s

99. Cold War Between the U.S. & Soviet Union, the 2 remaining Super Powers There was a great fear of Nuclear warfare The Truman Doctrine U.S. issued policy of containment to prevent spread of Communism throughout the world

100. Truman Doctrine 1947 President Truman’s foreign policy Stated that America would give economic & military aid to any nation threatened by Communism $400 Million in aid went to Greece & Turkey

101. Marshall Plan 1947 Sec. of State George Marshall proposed Granted $12 billion in aid to European nations Plan to help rebuild Europe after WWII to keep Communism from taking over

102. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Formed after WWII by 10 western European nations declaring that an attack against one member would be construed as a attack against all The U.S. & Canada also joined In response, eastern European nations formed Warsaw Pact

103. 1948-1949: England, France, & U.S. had merged their occupation zone into a new West Germany Republic. USSR prohibited all land traffic between Berlin & West Germany 1949: Germany was officially divided. U.S. dropped supplies until the blockade was lifted.

104. Senator Joseph McCarthy claimed hundreds of communists had infiltrated U.S. state department Highly publicized investigation where many people were wrongly accused 1950s Created fear of a Communist revolution in U.S.

105. 1950-North Korea entered South Korea & U.S. entered to help expel North Koreans from South Korea Communism was contained without world war or atomic weapons 1948-North Korea was Communist & South Korea was free 1953-an agreement was reached, a cease-fire The war increased the fear of communism back home

106. 1 st satellite launched by Soviets Showed how Soviets were more advanced than the US This meant Soviet Union could also use missiles to carry nuclear weapons 1957 Caused a great increase in science education & research in the U.S.

107. U.S. entered to stop the spread of communism. War lasted from 1963 to 1975 Caused protests in U.S. because the war was not “our” war & many lives were being lost French lost in 1954 & failure to hold promised free election caused a civil war Divided America There was no victory U.S. took more cautious attitude toward foreign affairs

108. Made Americans see that U.S. would not be able to win & that it would end in a stalemate It further divided the country Turning Point of Vietnam War Surprise attack by North Vietnamese on the South 1968

109. Due to Vietnam War, legal voting age was lowered from 21 to 18 1971

111. 1963—Measles vaccine improved public health, decreased infant mortality rate, & increased life expectancy 1954—Polio Vaccine

112. 1954 Supreme Court ruled segregation of blacks & whites in public schools was unconstitutional 1st step toward school desegregation Process of desegregating took until the early 1970s Reversed Plessey vs. Ferguson

113. Guaranteed equal access to school & public accommodations Prohibited discrimination by employers & unions

114. Required State Legislatures to reapportion electoral districts so that all citizens’ votes would have equal weight One person has one vote Shifted balance of power from rural to urban areas 1964 Supreme Court Case

115. Baptist Minister Assassinated in 1968 Advocated passive, nonviolent resistance as a means of protesting & encouraged other blacks to employ such methods Led Montgomery Bus Boycott

116. Problems in the environment: smog, oil spills, garbage, toxic waste 1970 President Nixon created the EPA Goals were to set & enforce pollution standards, promote research, reduce air pollution To the present day, this movement is still very active

117. Iraq’s Saddam Hussein sent soldiers to invade Kuwait, an oil rich country Hoping Iraq would withdraw, the UN, led by the U.S. imposed economic sanctions on Iraq 1991 Operation Desert Storm went into effect since Iraq would not withdraw. This meant full scale war Kuwait was liberated 1990 President George Bush

118. 1978 Supreme Court Case A white student had to be admitted to the University of California Medical School Example of reverse discrimination

119. Helped the poor & minorities 1964 Abolished poll tax, no longer need to pay to vote

120. Brought Mexico into the free trade zone with US & Canada Ratified 1993 Lowered tariffs

121. Stand off at Wounded Knee, South Dakota Militant organization Formed in 1968 Fighting for rights of Native Americans