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Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chapter 19 The Digestive System and Body
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The Digestive System and Body Metabolism Slide 14.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Digestion Breakdown of Absorption Passage of into the blood Metabolism Production of cellular energy ( )
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Organs of the Digestive System Slide 14.2a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Two main groups canal – continuous coiled hollow tube Accessory digestive organs
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Organs of the Digestive System Slide 14.2b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 14.1
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Organs of the Alimentary Canal Slide 14.3 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings MPESSLAMPESSLA
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Mouth (Oral Cavity) Anatomy Slide 14.4 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lips (l ) – protect the anterior opening Cheeks – form the l H palate – forms the anterior roof Soft palate – forms the posterior Uvula – fleshy projection of the s Figure 14.2a
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Mouth (Oral Cavity) Anatomy Slide 14.5 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Vestibule – space between lips externally and and internally Oral cavity – area contained by the Tongue – attached at hyoid and processes of the skull, and by the lingual frenulum Figure 14.2a
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Mouth (Oral Cavity) Anatomy Slide 14.6 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Tonsils P L Figure 14.2a
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Processes of the Mouth Slide 14.7 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Mastication ( ) of food Mixing masticated food with Initiation of swallowing by the Allowing for the sense of
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Pharynx Anatomy Slide 14.8 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings N not part of the digestive system Oropharynx – posterior to oral Laryngopharynx – below the oropharynx and connected to the Figure 14.2a
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Pharynx Function Slide 14.9 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Serves as a passageway for and food Food is propelled to the esophagus by two Longitudinal layer Circular layer Food movement is by alternating contractions of the muscle layers ( )
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Esophagus Slide 14.10 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Runs from pharynx to stomach through the Conducts food by peristalsis (slow squeezing) Passageway for food only (respiratory system branches off after the pharynx)
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Layers of Alimentary Canal Organs Slide 14.11a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings M Innermost layer M membrane Surface Small amount of tissue (lamina propria) Small smooth
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Layers of Canal Organs Slide 14.11b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Submucosa Just the mucosa Soft connective tissue with blood vessels, nerve endings, and
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Layers of Alimentary Canal Organs Slide 14.12 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscularis externa – smooth muscle Inner Outer Serosa Outermost layer – visceral Layer of fluid-producing cells
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Layers of Alimentary Canal Organs Slide 14.13 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 14.3
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Stomach Anatomy Slide 14.15a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Located on the left side of the cavity Food enters at the cardioesophageal
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Stomach Anatomy Slide 14.15b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the stomach Cardiac region – near the F B P – funnel-shaped terminal end Food empties into the small intestine at the
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Stomach Anatomy Slide 14.16a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings – internal folds of the mucosa regions Lesser curvature Greater curvature
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Stomach Anatomy Slide 14.16b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Layers of attached to the stomach Lesser omentum – attaches the to the lesser curvature Greater omentum – attaches the greater curvature to the body wall Contains fat to, cushion, and protect abdominal organs
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Stomach Anatomy Slide 14.17 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 14.4a
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Stomach Functions Slide 14.18 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Acts as a for food Site of food Chemical breakdown of begins Delivers (processed food) to the small intestine
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Specialized of the Stomach Slide 14.19 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Simple columnar Mucous cells – produce a sticky alkaline mucus glands – secrete gastric juice Chief cells – produce protein-digesting enzymes ( ) Parietal cells – produce hydrochloric acid Endocrine cells – produce
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Structure of the Stomach Mucosa Slide 14.20a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gastric pits formed by folded Glands and specialized cells are in the
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Structure of the Stomach Mucosa Slide 14.20b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 14.4b, c
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Small Intestine Slide 14.21 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The body’s major Site of nutrient into the blood tube extending form the pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve Suspended from the posterior abdominal wall by the
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Subdivisions of the Small Intestine “Dogs Just Itch! Slide 14.22 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Duodenum Attached to the Curves around the head of the Jejunum Attaches anteriorly to the Ileum Extends from to large intestine
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Chemical Digestion in the Small Intestine Slide 14.23a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Source of enzymes that are mixed with c I P Bile enters from the
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Chemical Digestion in the Small Intestine Slide 14.23b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 14.6
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Villi of the Small Intestine Slide 14.24 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fingerlike structures formed by the Give the small intestine more Figure 14.7a
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Microvilli of the Small Intestine Slide 14.25 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Small projections of the Found on Figure 14.7c
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Structures Involved in Absorption of Nutrients Slide 14.26 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings A B L (specialized lymphatic capillaries) Figure 14.7b
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Folds of the Small Intestine Slide 14.27 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Called circular folds or Deep folds of the and submucosa Do not disappear when filled with The submucosa has Peyer’s patches (collections of )
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Digestion in the Small Intestine Slide 14.57a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Enzymes from the border Break double sugars into simple sugars Complete some Pancreatic enzymes play the major function Help complete digestion of starch ( ) Carry out about half of all protein digestion (, etc.)
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Digestion in the Small Intestine Slide 14.57b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pancreatic play the major digestive function (continued) Responsible for fat digestion ( ) Digest nucleic acids ( ) Alkaline content neutralizes acidic
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Absorption in the Small Intestine Slide 14.59 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Water is absorbed along the length of the small intestine End products of Most substances are by active transport through cell membranes are absorbed by diffusion Substances are transported to the liver by the hepatic portal vein or
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Propulsion in the Small Intestine Slide 14.60 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings is the major means of moving food Segmental movements Mix chyme with Aid in
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Large Intestine Slide 14.28 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Larger in diameter, but shorter than the small intestine Frames the internal
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Large Intestine Slide 14.28 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 14.8
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Functions of the Large Intestine Slide 14.29 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Absorption of Eliminates indigestible food from the body as Does not participate in cells produce to act as a lubricant
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Structures of the Large Intestine Slide 14.30a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings C – saclike first part of the large intestine Appendix Accumulation of tissue that sometimes becomes inflamed (appendicitis) Hangs from the
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Structures of the Large Intestine Slide 14.30b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Colon A T D S- Rectum Anus –
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Food Breakdown and Absorption in the Large Intestine Slide 14.61 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings No digestive enzymes are produced Resident bacteria digest remaining nutrients Produce some vitamin K and B Release gases Water and vitamins K and B are absorbed Remaining materials are eliminated via feces
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Propulsion in the Large Intestine Slide 14.62 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sluggish Mass movements Slow, powerful movements Occur Presence of feces in the rectum causes a Internal anal sphincter is Defecation occurs with relaxation of the voluntary (external)
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Accessory Digestive Organs Slide 14.32 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings STPLGSTPLG
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Salivary Glands Slide 14.33 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Saliva-producing glands P – located anterior to ears S glands
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Saliva Slide 14.34 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Mixture of Helps to form a food Contains salivary to begin starch digestion Dissolves chemicals so they can be
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Teeth Slide 14.35a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The role is to masticate ( ) food Humans have two sets of teeth D (baby or milk) teeth 20 teeth are fully formed by age
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Teeth Slide 14.35b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Permanent teeth Replace deciduous teeth beginning between the ages of A full set is teeth, but some people do not have wisdom teeth
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Classification of Teeth Slide 14.36a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ICPMICPM
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Classification of Teeth Slide 14.36b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 14.9
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Regions of a Tooth Slide 14.37a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Crown – exposed part Outer enamel Dentin Pulp cavity Neck Region in contact with the gum Connects crown to root Figure 14.10
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Regions of a Tooth Slide 14.37b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Root Periodontal membrane attached to the bone Root canal carrying blood vessels and nerves Figure 14.10
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Pancreas Slide 14.38 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Produces a wide spectrum of enzymes that break down all categories of food Enzymes are secreted into the Alkaline fluid introduced with enzymes neutralizes chyme Endocrine products of pancreas I G
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Liver Slide 14.39 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings L gland in the body Located on the right side of the body under the Consists of four lobes suspended from the diaphragm and abdominal wall by the Connected to the gall bladder via the common
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Bile Slide 14.40 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Produced by cells in the liver Composition B Bile pigment (mostly from the breakdown of hemoglobin) C P E
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Role of the Liver in Metabolism Slide 14.77 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Several roles in Detoxifies Degrades Produce cholesterol, blood proteins ( and clotting proteins) Plays a central role in
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Gall Bladder Slide 14.41 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sac found in hollow of liver Stores bile from the liver by way of the Bile is introduced into the in the presence of fatty food Gallstones can cause blockages
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Processes of the Digestive System Slide 14.42a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings – getting food into the mouth – moving foods from one region of the digestive system to another
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Processes of the Digestive System Slide 14.42b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Peristalsis – alternating waves of Segmentation – moving materials back and forth to aid in Figure 14.12
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Processes of the Digestive System Slide 14.43 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Mechanical digestion Mixing of food in the mouth by the of food in the stomach in the small intestine
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Processes of the Digestive System Slide 14.44 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chemical Digestion break down food molecules into their building blocks Each major food group uses different Carbohydrates are broken to simple Proteins are broken to amino are broken to fatty acids and alcohols
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Processes of the Digestive System Slide 14.45 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings A End products of digestion are absorbed in the blood or Food must enter mucosal cells and then into blood or lymph capillaries D Elimination of indigestible substances as feces
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Processes of the Digestive System Slide 14.46 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 14.11
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Control of Digestive Activity Slide 14.47a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Mostly controlled by reflexes via the division Chemical and mechanical receptors are located in organ walls that trigger
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Control of Digestive Activity Slide 14.47b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stimuli include: Stretch of the contents Presence of breakdown products Reflexes include: Activation or inhibition of secretions Smooth
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Nutrition - Take a Class! Slide 14.63 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nutrient – substance used by the body for growth, maintenance, and repair Categories of nutrients Carbohydrates: simple sugars, starches, : triglycerides, phospholipids, fatty acids P : amino acids V M W
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Body Energy Balance Slide 14.83 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Energy intake = total energy output (heat + work + energy storage) Energy intake is liberated during food Energy output Heat is usually about Storage energy is in the form of fat or
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