1. Musket Wars (Inter-tribal/hapu - not Maori vs European) Examine a significant situation in the context of change http://www.zealand.org.nz/whakapapa6.htm

2. The wars of the 1810s, 20s and 30s Maori had always fought rival kin groups. Conflict increased as their numbers rose, resources were depleted, and insults demanding a response multiplied. Wars were fought in autumn - after food for winter had been stored - using hand- to-hand weapons such as mere and patu. They were often ritualised affairs that caused relatively few deaths. The victors gained land and booty and increased their mana (status). The losers sometimes had to migrate to a less desirable unpopulated area. From this site http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/1 9thcenturywars-musketwars http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/1 9thcenturywars-musketwars

3. With the arrival of European whaling and trading ships in the Bay of Islands, the northern tribes of Ngapuhi and their rivals the Ngati Whatua were able to trade from about 1814 on, using flax, potatoes, fruit and pigs to obtain muskets (Te Pu). Desire for utu for past wrongs intensified and along with ‘threatened mana’ this led to deadly wars between the two neighbouring enemy tribes. Soon other tribes saw the necessity of obtaining muskets, and it was not long before all northern tribes were armed. Between 1820 and 1835 the inter tribal "musket wars" led to a large scale redistribution of the Māori population.

4. Firearms revolutionised warfare around the Pacific in the nineteenth century. The first muskets peddled by European traders were unreliable and slow to reload. When Nga Puhi first used muskets in battle about 1807, they were overwhelmed by conventionally armed Ngati Whatua. Seeking revenge, Nga Puhi - based in the main trading area, the Bay of Islands - bought more of these costly weapons. Led by chiefs like Hongi Hika, they grew potatoes, raised pigs and processed flax on a large scale to exchange for muskets. From 1815, Nga Puhi taua (war parties) armed with muskets wreaked havoc across the North Island. Their victims faced exile, death or slavery. Hongi's importation of 300 muskets in 1821 brought a new escalation of conflict. Over the next few years he led huge musket armies against iwi (tribes) from Tamaki (Auckland) to Rotorua. Nga Puhi suffered heavy casualties, but their opponents were crushed despite retreating into fortress pa. Thousands died in the Musket Wars. The lowest recent estimate is 20,000, and it is likely that more New Zealanders were killed in these years than in all post-1840 conflicts combined – including both world wars. Thousands more were enslaved or became refugees.

5. The first to collect substantial firearms, the Ngapuhi, also acquired a new knowledge of the tribal areas around New Zealand, discovered from trade and crewing on European vessels. This led to a new appraisal of war - war could be carried far from the traditional tribal region because the army became well-nigh invincible, and while it may not have been expansionist, certainly the acquisition of new lands was an attractive benefit. Note however that Hongi Hika made no attempt to become ruler of large tracts of land Maori were learning, from Europeans, and from their own discoveries abroad, about modern warfare - the American Wars of Independence were over, and the Napoleonic Wars had just ended, with the military stratagems learnt. The Maori were acquiring capable military training by studying Pakeha.

6. Muskets became the most desired of all the Pakeha trade items, and consequently the price went up - a musket eventually traded for 3 tons of dressed flax. That is an incredible amount of processed flax, and to garner it, food cultivation was neglected. Slaves were pressed into service, and then more slaves were needed, thus increasing the need to wage war. Slaves were also traded, with a musket being worth 3 to 5 slaves. In the Bay of Plenty a musket was worth 3 tons of potatoes and 8 pigs. The muskets were not necessarily very good. 'Brummagen' is an abberation of the word 'Birmingham', the city where mass- produced muskets were being churned out. There was always a real chance that the Maori warrior using such a weapon would kill himself instead of a foe with backfirings - or that it wouldn't fire at all.

7. The other problem was ammunition, and Maori were often forced to make their own, from nails, hard puriri wood, or lead poured into pipe bowls. Gunpowder could be procured but not necessarily percussion caps to ignite the powder - 18 pence- worth of caps could have been sold by a shopkeeper for £ 300 worth of gold to a Maori (Sir JE Alexander, 'Incidents of the Maori war' 1863) but the shopkeeper refused - others were not so scrupulous. In a pinch, percussion caps were made with match heads in boot eyelets. Nonetheless, against an enemy who had to get within reach to thrust a spear or swing his mere, the odds were massively in favour of the musket-wielding warrior who could deal death from a safe distance. New Zealand had become a small country under siege, where sudden death by ambush waited in any bush or clearing, valley or beach. Tribes now travelled as small armies, bringing their slaves with them as a food source.

8. Hongi Hika Hongi Hika had amassed a force of 800 fighting men by 1817 and when he launched a revenge raid against the Ngatiporou of the Bay of Plenty in early 1818, he set in motion the bloody conflict known as the Musket Wars. At it's end, a quarter of the native population lay dead. He was exacting revenge for the loss of a female relative, the niece of Te Morenga, who had been abandoned, to possibly be killed and eaten by the Ngatiporou. She had been kidnapped by Australian convicts who had hijacked a ship, the "Venus" in 1806, and fled to New Zealand on it, from her home in the Bay of Islands.

9. As a modus operandi, the convicts had sailed down the coast, kidnapping women and selling them at the next landfall. They had also siezed Te Morenga's sister at Whangarei and disposed of her in barter to the Ngaiterangi at Motiti Island, where she was later killed. Te Morenga had 400 warriors with him, and Hongi Hika, who had allied with Te Haupa of the Ngatipaoa, commanded 900 men. Both forces devastated the Bay of Plenty. Hongi Hika later told Marsden that he had killed over 500 in the Bay of Plenty, and when he returned to his northern home, one canoe was loaded with 70 decapitated heads. In 1821 he attacked the Ngati Maru tribe from the Thames area. He continued by attacking the Ngati Paoa tribe from Auckland. A particularly violent battle was fought in 1822, when Hongi attacked the Waikato tribe, headed by Te Wherowhero, who was to be the future Māori King. The following year, Hongi attacked the Arawa tribe in Rotorua, and in the battle of Te Ika-a-ranga-nui in 1825 he achieved "utu" (revenge) over his defeat in 1807 at the hands of the Ngati Whatua from the Kaipara and Tamaki areas. Wounded 1827 and died in 1828

10. In 1822 Ngati Toa led by Te Rauparaha fought their way down the North Island from Kawhia to Kapiti. When Waikato tribes under Te Wherowhero got muskets, they attacked Taranaki iwi. These in turn migrated south to join Ngati Toa in a confederation rivalling Nga Puhi's. This defeated an opposing alliance before attacking Ngai Tahu in the South Island. Slaughter of Ngai Tahu Kaikoura, Kaiapoi and Akaroa (Elizabeth Affair- Captain Stewart Akaroa) Once all tribes had muskets, there were no more easy victories. The new gunfighter pa stood up to musket fire and were difficult to capture. By the 1830s campaigns were too costly. With European diseases also taking a heavy toll, warfare gave way to economic rivalry. Te Rauparaha Tribes under attack soon bought guns and launched their own campaigns

11. Musket wars site Elizabeth Affair 1830 – Olsen page 48 Te Rauparaha struck a deal with Captain Stewart of the Elizabeth- in return for flax, Stewart would ferry 100 warriors to Akaroa to entice Ngai Tahu chief Tamaiharanui on board -captured him and attacked the village- their efforts were successful The interference of a trader in Maori affairs was a cause for concern led to calls for establishment of Br control in NZ Also M concerned and disturbed that E took sides

12. Alligator Affair 1834 pg 169 Belich and Te Tiriti John Guard and family were shipwrecked (Herriot) off Taranaki. He escaped, but his wife and children were captured Instead of a ransom the HMS Alligator was was sent with soldiers A Maori envoy was taken and then released in exchange for Betty and the children after the Pa was bombarded and large numbers of Maori killed Br government severely criticized for the bloodshed Last major clash before 1840

13. Practise Essay Activity Practice Essay Activity: Examine a significant historical situation in the context of change, in an essay

14. The Musket Wars These activities form part of a larger examination of New Zealand before the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840. To help you complete them refer to the relevant feature on NZHistory.net.nz as well as any other material you might have. It is a good opportunity to explore the issue of change in early nineteenth- century New Zealand and to consider some of the historiographical debate surrounding these wars.relevant feature on NZHistory.net.nz From this very important site; http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/ classroom/ncea3/ncea3- musketwars http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/ classroom/ncea3/ncea3- musketwars

15. War had a great impact on New Zealand in the nineteenth century. Firearms revolutionised warfare around the Pacific and their acquisition became a feature of early contact between Maori and Pakeha. The inter-tribal wars waged between 1818 and the 1830s often involved the widespread use of muskets. The campaigns have become known as the Musket Wars. This label implied that the musket was the dominant feature of these wars. Those who supported the notion of fatal impact argued that Europeans had introduced the musket so it was contact with Europeans and their technologies that were to blame for these wars. This highlights an important part of both studying history and successfully writing a sustained argument for the purposes of assessment - historiography.

16. Historiography is a term many students have never encountered before Level 3. Essays for NCEA Level 3 require students to demonstrate sustained argument which not only refers to a clearly stated, articulate argument that is supported with sound reasoning but also has relevant, accurate and significant examples/evidence. This is where historiography comes in. One definition of historiography is that it is the study of the way history has been and is written - in effect the history of historical writing. When you study 'historiography' you do not study the events of the past directly, but the changing interpretations of those events in the works of historians. Historian Angela Ballara argues that Maori decided on their terms how the musket would be incorporated into Maori society. She offers a revision of the interpretation of these wars, looking at the nature of Maori society itself as the cause of the wars. Warfare was endemic in Maori society and the musket and other aspects of European technology contributed to Maori history but did not determine it. Before contact with Europeans war was the ultimate sanction in resolving disputes. These wars were about tikanga or custom as iwi sought to redefine their boundaries in the wake of contact with Europeans.

17. Ballara argues that the Musket Wars would have occurred whether muskets were available or not and therefore, whether Pakeha contact had taken place or not; the technology made the conflict more destructive but was not the cause of fighting. James Belich described the process by which Maori selected, on their terms, which aspects of European contact they would adopt and which they would reject. How they responded and adapted to new ideas has been referred to as Maori agency or as Giselle Byrne's described it Dual Agency - the blending or mixing of two worlds according to Maori criteria. Maori decided how they would use things like new ideas and technologies. In 1815 John Nicholas an associate of Samuel Marsden described a meeting with Te Puhi, a Maori chief who had beaten an iron bar into the form of a patu. Te Puhi's adaptation of European materials to fit Maori needs is the embodiment of Maori agency.

18. The incorporation of the musket or ngutu parera into Maori society is perhaps a more extreme example of this. Muskets became an important trade item for Maori and considerable changes occurred to economic practices to enable iwi to acquire them in sufficient numbers. These weapons did not come cheap however. Around 1820 one musket could cost Maori as much as 200 kete or baskets of potatoes meaning Maori now had to produce surplus food for trade. Slaves captured during the musket wars were often put to work increasing cultivation so as to fund further arms deals. Tribes changed their economy to supply traders with the flax, pigs, potatoes or timber required to acquire guns. Tom Brooking has questioned the value of this new weapon in the heat of battle. Trained warriors armed with traditional hand held weapons like taiaha and patu were more effective than those armed with muskets, as when Ngati Whatua defeated Nga Puhi in 1807. The musket was awkward, slow to reload and unreliable when under pressure over more than 50 metres. On a large scale it could guarantee success but Brooking believed that the musket's greatest value was as a mechanism for utu when executing prisoners.

19. Due to the fact that the greatest point of contact took place initially in the Far North, Nga Puhi were able to get a jump on their rivals and became the dominant iwi between 1818 and 1825. Brooking argues that Hongi Hika acted from Maori motives such as utu - two of his brothers had been killed in the battle with Ngati Whatua in 1807. The period of Nga Puhi dominance that was achieved certainly advanced the mana of his iwi as well as him as a leader. As other iwi acquired muskets, Nga Puhi dominance declined and ended by 1825. Iwi increasingly struggled to maintain warfare on such a large scale with part-time warriors and the pressure to produce more to trade for muskets with Europeans. Maori also adapted their pa to accommodate the use of muskets and to minimise their impact; a stalemate situation was reached. Within a few years of the death of Hongi in 1828 large-scale battles became a rarity.

20. Results of the wars Tom Brooking believes the Musket Wars coincided with a phase of a competitive Maori society seeking readjustments in the face of new and much deadlier technology. Campaigns in Auckland, the Waikato and Bay of Plenty drove many tribes out of their traditional areas and into exile and resulted in confused issues of ownership. Those forced to flee faced resistance from tangata whenua (local peoples) and in this way the conflict spread further afield and introduced other reasons for fighting. References Ballara, Angela, Taua: 'Musket Wars', 'Land Wars' or Tikanga? Warfare in Maori Society in the Early Nineteenth Century, Penguin, Auckland, 2003 Brooking, Tom, Milestones: Turning Points in New Zealand History, Mills Publications, Wellington, 1988

21. Practice Essay Activity: Examine a significant historical situation in the context of change, in an essay Using the features available in NZHistory.net.nz, material provided by your teacher or anything that you have been able to find for yourself write the following practice essay for achievement standard 3.5 Examine a significant historical situation in the context of change Essay question The Musket Wars represent a significant situation for New Zealanders in the Nineteenth Century were. Describe the changes or developments that occurred during the period of the Musket Wars 1818- 1830s. Evaluate the influence of these wars on Maori during this period. http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/classroom/ncea3/ncea3-musketwars-activity2