1. Global Interdependence Pre-AP World History Unit #16 Chapter 36

2. International Space Station  Project sponsored by the United States, Russia, and 14 other nations; Since 1998, U.S. and Russian spacecraft have transported sections of the ISS to be assembled in space. By the time it is completed in 2010, the ISS will cover an area larger than a football field and house a crew of six. Since October 2000, small crews have been working aboard the ISS, conducting hundreds of experiments.  In 1972, years before the end of the Cold War, the United States and Soviet space programs began work on a cooperative project – the docking of U.S. and Soviet spacecraft in orbit. This goal was achieved on July 17 th, 1975, when spacecraft from the two countries docked some 140 miles above Earth. Television viewers across the globe watched as the hatch between the space vehicles opened and crews from Earth’s fiercest rival countries greeted each other. This first cooperative venture in space between te United States and the Soviet Union was an isolated event. People from different countries, however, continued to work together to explore space. The Soviets were the first to send an international crew into space. The crew of Soyuz 28, which orbited Earth in 1978, included a Czech cosmonaut.  Since the mid-1980s, crews on United States space shuttle flights have included astronauts from Saudi Arabia, France, Germany, Canada, Italy, Japan, Israel, and Mexico. (Space shuttles are larger than other spacecraft and are reusable.) Shuttle missions put crews in orbit around Earth to accomplish a variety of scientific and technological tasks. The space shuttle is being used in the most ambitious cooperative space venture in human history; the construction of the ISS. Closure Question #1: Why do you think that space exploration became an arena for cooperation between the Soviet Union and the United States?

3. International Space Station

4. Internet  Invented in the 1980s, the internet has made communication and access to information almost instantaneous, transforming commerce, education, research, and entertainment.  At first, personal computers were a novelty item, used mainly by hobbyists. But by the 1980s, computers were transforming industries, research labs, and businesses. Personal computers could perform many different tasks but were small and simple enough for the average person to use. The technology that created them eventually spread to many other industries. Video games, cellular telephones, and other electronics all depended on microchips and microprocessors. Entrepreneurs played a large role in accelerating the use of personal computers. Steve Job’s Apple Computers and Bill Gates’ Microsoft made computers and software affordable for millions of Americans. Jeff Bezos’s Amazon.com ushered in buying and selling products by computer. Like Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller a century before, these men amassed great fortunes by pioneering new technologies.  Late in the 20 th century, commentators began to describe their times as the “information age.” Access to information, they claimed, was access to power. Computers, cellphones, e-mails, and instant messaging became the tools of the information age. Entrepreneurs who could control these tools became wealthy – and powerful. For example, media executives who decide what gets on television can exert influence on political elections and controversial topics. But computer and communication technologies also have a democratic leveling effect. Anyone with access to a computer can acquire information that was once available only to a few, well-connected leaders. Closure Question #2: How do you think the Internet will affect the world of work in the future? (At least 1 sentence)

5. Genetic Engineering  Process through which scientists are able to introduce new genes into an organism to give that organism new traits. Genes are hereditary units that cause specific traits, such as eye color, in every living organism. Technology allows scientists to isolate and examine individual genes that are responsible for different traits.  Advances with computers and communications networks have transformed not only the ways people work but lifestyles as well. Technological progress in the sciences, medicine, and agriculture has improved the quality of the lives of millions of people. Before World War II, surgeons seldom performed operations on sensitive areas such as the eye or the brain. However, in the 1960s and 1970s, new technologies, such as more powerful microscopes, the laser, and ultrasound were developed. Many of these technologies advanced surgical techniques.  Advances in medical imaging also helped to improve health care. Using data provided by CAT scans and MRI techniques, doctors can build three-dimensional images of different organs or regions of the body. Doctors use these images to diagnose injuries, detect tumors, or collect other medical information. In the 1980s, genetics, the study of heredity through research on genes, became a fast-growing field of science.

6. Cloning  The creation of identical copies of DNA, the chemical chains of genes that determine heredity. Cloning allows scientists to reproduce both plants and animals that are identical to existing plants and animals. The application of genetic research to everyday life has led to many breakthroughs, especially in agriculture.  Unmanned space probes have been used to study the farther reaches of the solar system. The Soviet Venera spacecraft in the 1970s and the U.S. probe Magellan in 1990 provided in-depth information about Venus. On a 12-year journey that began in 1977, the U.S. Voyager 2 sent dazzling pictures of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune back to Earth. Both the United States and the Soviet Union have shown particular interest in the planet Mars. The United States probe Pathfinder, which landed on Mars in 1997, provided spectacular results.  In 1990, the U.S. space agency, N.A.S.A. and the European space agency, E.S.A., worked together to develop and launch the Hubble Space Telescope. Nearly twenty years later, the orbiting telescope continues to observe and send back images of objects in the most remote regions of the universe. Any astronomer in the world can submit a research request, and all data is released to the public. Closure Question #3: Is there a limit to how far cloning should go? Why or why not? (At least 1 sentence)

7.  The development of new strains of rice, corn, and other grains that produce greater amounts of food; Huge quantities of chemical fertilizers are used to grow these new strains, and pesticides are used to keep insects from destroying the crops. Concern about the amount of chemicals used in producing food has led to a counter- revolution of organic farming, which uses no chemicals.  Concern about the side effects of modern medicines has also led to a dramatic growth in the holistic health-care movement that employs natural methods of healing such as herbal remedies, massage therapy, and acupuncture. Certain infectious diseases have raised global concerns in recent decades. One devastating disease is AIDS. Nearly 3 million people died of AIDS in 2006 and millions live with HIV.  Promoted as the technological solution to feeding the world’s population, huge quantities of chemical fertilizers are needed to grow the new strains. Many farmers cannot afford the fertilizers. In addition, the new crops have been subject to insects. The pesticides used to control the insects create environmental problems. The growing concern with chemical pesticides in food has led to a dramatic increase in the practice of organic farming. Organic farming rejects the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, growth hormones, and livestock feed additives. Its goal is to maintain a healthy and sustainable environment.

8. Closure Assignment #1   Answer the following questions based on what you have learned from Chapter 36, Section 1: 1. 1.Why do you think that space exploration became an arena for cooperation between the Soviet Union and the United States? 2. 2.How do you think the Internet will affect the world of work in the future? (At least 1 sentence) 3. 3.Is there a limit to how far cloning should go? Why or why not? (At least 1 sentence)

9. Developed Nations  Nations with industrialization, transportation, and business facilities for advanced production of manufactured goods. In modern times developed nations, such as the United States, Japan, and most of Western Europe, have lost manufacturing jobs to emerging nations.  In both Asia and the Western world, an explosion in scientific knowledge prompted great progress that quickly led to new industries. A prime example was plastics. In the 1950s, a process to develop plastics from petroleum at low pressures and low temperatures was perfected. Within a few years, industries made a host of products easily and cheaply out of plastics. Other technological advances have also changed industrial processes, lowered costs, and increased the quality or the speed of production. For example, robotic arms on automobile assembly lines made possible the fast and safe manufacture of high-quality cars.  Technological advances in manufacturing reduced the need for factory workers. But in other areas o the economy, new demands were emerging. Computerization and communications advances changed the processing of information. By the 1980s, people could transmit information quickly and cheaply. Information industries such as financial services, insurance, market research, and communications services boomed. Those industries depended on “knowledge workers”, or people whose jobs focus on working with information. Closure Question #1: In what ways has technology changed the workplace of people across the world?

10. Emerging Nations  Nations that are in the process of becoming industrialized. Emerging nations became prime locations for new manufacturing operations. Some economists believe these areas were chosen because they had many eager workers whose skills fit manufacturing-type jobs and who would work for less money than those in developed nations.  In recent years, there has been considerable debate on the impact of globalization. Supporters suggest that open, competitive markets and the free flow of goods, services, technology, and investments benefit all nations. Globalization, they argue, has resulted in a dramatic increase in the standard of living across the world. Even some opponents agree that practically all nations have seen some benefit from globalization. However, they note that the developed nations have benefited the most. Other opponents charge that globalization has been a disaster for the poorest countries. They suggest that many poor countries are worse off today than they were in the past. They argue that investment practices, trade agreements, and aid packages must be designed to protect the interests of the poorest nations. Closure Question #1: In what ways has technology changed the workplace of people across the world?

12. Global Economy  All the financial interactions – among people, businesses, and governments – that cross international borders. In the second half of the 1800s the global economy began to take shape, as huge cargo ships could inexpensively carry enormous supplies of fuels and other goods from one part of the world to another.  Another reflection of the global economy is the multinational corporation (a company that has divisions in more than two countries). Prominent examples of multinational corporations include Siemens, IBM, Toyota, and the Sony Corporation. The growing number of multinational corporations that do business around the world increasingly tie one country to another in a global economy. For example, an economic downturn in the United States can create stagnant conditions in Europe and Asia. We live in an interdependent world.  Global trade is another important component of the global economy. Over the years, many nations joined in talks to make trade between countries free and easy. These talks led to General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT). In 1995, the nations that had signed the GATT treaties agreed to create the World Trade Organization. The WTO has been criticized for ignoring environmental and health concerns and for leaving out small and developing countries. Still, it is the only global organization that deals with rules of trade among nations. Closure Question #1: In what ways has technology changed the workplace of people across the world?

13. Globalization

14. Free Trade  The elimination of trade barriers, such as tariffs, among nations. Free trade is a major goal of globalization. As early as 1947, nations began discussing ways to open trade. The result of these discussions was the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. (GATT)  Companies that operate in a number of different countries are called multinational or transnational corporations. U.S. companies such as Exxon Mobil, General Motors, and Ford; European companies such as BP, DaimlerChrysler, and Royal Dutch/Shell; and Japanese companies such as Toyota, Mitsubishi, and Mitsui all became multinational giants. All of these companies have established manufacturing plants, offices, or stores in many countries. For their manufacturing plants, they select spots where the raw materials or labor are cheapest. This enables them to produce components of their products on different continents. They ship the various components to another location to be assembled. This level of economic integration allows such companies to view the whole world as the market for their goods. Goods or services are distributed throughout the world as if there were not national boundaries.  Opening up the world’s markets to trade is a key aspect of globalization. Over the years, several meetings among the nations that signed the GATT have brought about a general lowering of protective tariffs and considerable expansion of free trade. Since 1995, the World Trade Organization (WTO) has overseen the GATT to ensure that trade among nations flows as smoothly and freely as possible. A European organization set up in 1951 promoted tariff-free trade among member countries. This experiment in economic cooperation was so successful that six years later, a new organization, the European Economic Community (EEC), was formed. Over time, most of the other Western European countries joined the organization, which has been known as the European Union (EU) since 1992. Closure Question #2: Why might some nations favor imposing tariffs on the import of certain products?

15.  A group of five international organizations which provide grants, loans, and advice for economic development in developing countries. The World Bank’s stated goal is “a world free of poverty”.  Today about 770 million adults – one-fifth of the world’s population – lack basic reading and writing skills. This statistic represents a shocking waste of human potential. To combat this problem, the United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) coordinates the efforts of many organizations participating in its Education for All program. The program’s goal is to increase global literacy by 50% by 2015.  The United Nations sees literacy as essential to ending poverty, slowing population growth, achieving gender equality, and ensuring economic development. Literacy provides access to education, which contributes to a more productive workforce and to fuller participation in today’s world. Closure Question #2: Why might some nations favor imposing tariffs on the import of certain products?

17.  Founded in 1945 to oversee the global financial system, today the IMF watches exchange rates and offers financial and technical assistance in 184 countries worldwide.  Both the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund have been criticized for forcing inappropriate Western economic practices on non-Western nations. Critics also argue that World Bank and IMF policies only aggravate the poverty and debt of developing nations.  Groups of nations have joined together to form trading blocs. By 2004, the European Union included 25 member states and is the world’s largest single trading entity. The EU has a single internal market and a common currency (the euro.)  Elsewhere, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) created a free trade area for Canada, the United States, and Mexico. The Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) agreement has tried to do the same among nations that border the Pacific Ocean.

18.  Made up of more than 140 member nations, the WTO arranges trade agreements and settles trade disputes worldwide.  Another reflection of the global economy is the multinational corporation (a company that has divisions in more than two countries). Prominent examples of multinational corporations include Siemens, IBM, Toyota, and the Sony Corporation. The growing number of multinational corporations that do business around the world increasingly tie one country to another in a global economy. For example, an economic downturn in the United States can create stagnant conditions in Europe and Asia. We live in an interdependent world.  Global trade is another important component of the global economy. Over the years, many nations joined in talks to make trade between countries free and easy. These talks led to General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT). In 1995, the nations that had signed the GATT treaties agreed to create the World Trade Organization. The WTO has been criticized for ignoring environmental and health concerns and for leaving out small and developing countries. Still, it is the only global organization that deals with rules of trade among nations.

19. Ozone Layer / “Global Warming”  Ozone Layer – Earth’s main protection against the Sun’s damaging ultraviolet rays; The release of chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) has destroyed ozone in Earth’s upper atmosphere. The increase in ultraviolet radiation reaching earth’s surface has caused skin cancer rates to rise in many parts of the world and may result in damage to plant life as well.  “Global Warming” – An increase in the overall temperature of planet earth; 8 of the 10 hottest years in recorded history have occurred since 2000. Many scientists link the rise of earth’s temperature to the release of carbon dioxide into earth’s atmosphere, creating a barrier which keep heat from being released into outer space.   Ecological disasters have also harmed our environment. A chemical plant at Bhopal, India released toxic fumes into the air in 1984. A nuclear accident at Chernobyl in 1986 released radiation. Hundreds died, and there were long-last health and environmental consequences. In 1989 the oil tanker Exxon Valdez ran aground in Alaska. The spill killed thousands of birds and polluted fishing areas.   In the social and economic spheres of the Western world, the gap that once separated men and women has been steadily narrowing. More and more women are joining the workforce, and they make up half of university graduates in Western countries. Many countries have laws that require equal pay for women and men doing the same work, and some laws prohibit promotions based on gender. Nevertheless, women in many Western countries still do not hold many top positions in business or government.

20. Global Warming

21. Sustainable Growth  The goal of nation’s who hope to reduce the negative effect that development has on the environment; Sustainable growth involves meeting current economic needs, while ensuring the preservation of the environment and the conservation of resources for future generations.  Economic development has also led to problems with the land. Large-scale soil erosion is a worldwide problem due to damaging farming techniques. The habitat destruction that comes from land development has also led to shrinking numbers of wildlife around the world At present, the extinction rate of plants and animals is about a thousand times greater than it would naturally be, and appears to be increasing. This high extinction rate means that certain species can no longer serve as an economic resource. The resulting loss of wildlife could endanger complex and life-sustaining processes that keep Earth in balance.  Working together, economists and scientists are looking for ways to reduce the negative effect that development has on the environment. Their goal is to manage development so that growth can occur, but without destroying air, water, and land resources. The concept is sometimes called “green growth.” many people feel that the negative impact of economic growth on the environment will not be completely removed. Closure Question #3: Do you think that sustainable growth is possible? Why or why not?

22. Closure Assignment #2   Answer the following questions based on what you have learned from Chapter 36, Section 2: 1. 1.In what ways has technology changed the workplace of people across the world? 2. 2.Why might some nations favor imposing tariffs on the import of certain products? 3. 3.Do you think that sustainable growth is possible? Why or why not?

23.  The spread of nuclear weapons production technology and knowledge to nations without that capability. The UN works to stop nuclear proliferation; however, in recent years India, Pakistan, Israel, North Korea, and Iran have all gained nuclear weapon capability in the past 20 years.  The UN established the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in 1957. This agency operates a safeguards system against nuclear proliferation. The greatest risk comes from countries that have not joined or have violated the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT). India, Pakistan, Israel, North Korea, and Iran fall within these categories. In 1998, India and Pakistan exploded nuclear devices underground. North Korea performed its first nuclear test in October 2006, and Iran refused to shelve its nuclear enrichment program. As the IAEA director said, “The treat of nuclear terrorism is real and current… the existence of a nuclear threat anywhere is a threat everywhere, and as a global community, we will win or lose this battle together.”  A July 2006 estimate put the current world population at over 6.5 billion people, only 18 years after passing the 5 billion mark. At its current rate of growth, the world population could reach 12.8 billion by 2050, according to the UN’s long-range population projections. The UN’s more conservative projection puts that number at 8.9 billion. Even with the more conservative figure, the world population is expected to increase 37% over the next four decades. Soon, the most populous nations in the world will be developing countries, especially India and China. By 2050 India will have surpassed China in population and will likely remain the most populous country in the world thereafter. Closure Question #1: Why is nuclear proliferation a global concern? (At least 1 sentence)

25. Operation Iraqi Freedom  Operation Iraqi Freedom – (March 19 th, 2003 – Present) US and British invasion and overthrow of the Iraqi government under Saddam Hussein. On May 1 st, 2003, Pres. Bush gave a speech declaring victory in Iraq; however, conflict between Kurds, Sunnis, and Shiia Muslims combined with increased terrorist activity has led to continued American casualties and difficulty in establishing a democratic government, leading to a severe drop in Pres. Bush’s popularity.  In a State of the Union address to the American people in 2002, Bush asserted that Iraq, Iran, and North Korea constituted an “axis of evil” that threatened American and world security. Despite many Americans’ belief that UN weapons inspectors should be allowed to continue their search for WMD, in October of 2002 Congress authorized Bush to use American military forces against Iraq. Saddam’s forces collapsed almost immediately. As the Iraqi capital of Baghdad fell, Saddam and the other Iraqi leaders went into hiding. Bush gave a victory speech on May 1, 2003, in front of a banner reading “mission accomplished.” In the months that followed, Saddam and many of his supporters were captured.  The Iraq war, terrorism, and the budget weighed heavily on Americans’ minds as they cast their votes in the 2004 election. Bush relied heavily on his image as a “war president”, saying that the lack of an attack on American soil since 9/11 proved his competency as commander in chief. His campaign implied that Americans would be most secure with a Republican President. Weapons of Mass Destruction is a term coined by the Bush administration to represent Nuclear, biological or chemical weapons with the capability of causing the deaths of many people at once or damage to large amounts of property. The belief that Saddam Hussein was stockpiling WMD’s was a key justification behind the Bush administration’s decision to invade Iraq in 2003.

26.  (1948) Declaration issued by the United Nations with the goal of protecting basic rights for all mankind, such as the rights to life and liberty and the freedoms of opinion and expression.  The United Nations took the lead in affirming the basic human rights of al people. On December 10, 1948, the UN’s General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Since the adoption of the UN declaration, the human rights movement has achieved much success in freeing political prisoners and bringing economic and political change around the world. Nevertheless, human rights violations still occur worldwide. Governments themselves often carry on the violence. Dictators and military regimes often punish people who disagree with their views. In Cuba, Chile, Myanmar, Iraq, Iran, and other countries, people have been persecuted for opposing repressive governments. In other countries, such as Bosnia and Rwanda, ethnic, religious, and racial hatreds have led to the mass murder of hundreds of thousands of people.  The causes of recent world terrorism are complex. Some analysts say this terrorism is rooted in the clash of Western and Islamic cultures. They argue that the Christians and Muslims have viewed each other with hostility since at least the time of the Crusades. Others suggest that poverty and ignorance lie at the root of the problem. Extremists find it easy to stir up resentment against wealthy Western societies. Finally, some say terrorism would be rare if the Israeli-Palestinian conflict could be solved. One reason Middle Eastern terrorists have targeted Westerners can be traced to Western involvement in the Middle East oil industry, which began in the 1920s. This industry brought wealth to ruling families in some Middle Eastern kingdoms, but most citizens remained very poor. They often blamed the West, especially the United States, for supporting the ruling families.

27. Political Dissent  The difference of opinion over political issues; In many countries around the world, from Cuba to Iran to Myanmar, individuals and groups have been persecuted from holding political views that differ from those of the people in power.  Some conflicts among people of different ethnic or religious groups have roots centuries old. Such conflicts include those between Protestants and Catholics in Ireland, between Palestinians and Israelis in the Middle East, and among Serbs, Bosnians, and Croats in southeastern Europe. These conflicts have led to terrible violence. The Kurds of southwest Asia have also been the victims of such violence. For decades, Kurds have wanted their own country. But their traditional lands cross the borders of three countries – Turkey, Iran, and Iraq. In the past, the Turks responded to Kurdish nationalism by forbidding Kurds to speak their native language. The Iranians also persecuted the Kurds, attacking them over religious issues. In the late 1980s, the Iraqis dropped poison gas on the Kurds, killing 5,000. Several international organizations, including the UN, worked to end the human rights abuses inflicted upon the Kurds.  Many nations consider that having a strong military is important to their security. After World War II, nations banded together to create military alliances. They formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), the Warsaw pact, and others. The member nations of each of these alliances generally pledged military aid for their common defense. In addition to military alliances to increase their security, world leaders also took steps to reduce the threat of war. The United Nations works in a variety of ways toward increasing collective global security. Closure Question #2: What responsibilities do nations have for protecting human rights in other countries? (At least 1 sentence)

28. Gender Inequality  The difference between men and women in terms of wealth and status; In 2005, the UN reviewed the status of women. Its report, titled Progress of the World’s Women in 2000, found that women had made notable gains in many parts of the world, especially in the areas of education and work. Even so, the report concluded that gender inequality still very much existed.  In the past, when women in Western nations entered the work force, they often faced discrimination in employment and salary. In non-Western countries, many women not only faced discrimination in jobs, they were denied access to education. In regions torn by war or ethnic conflict, they were often victims of violence and abuse. As women suffered, so too did their family members, especially children.  However, in the 1970s a heightened awareness of human rights encouraged women in many countries to work to improve their lives. They pushed for new laws and government policies that gave them greater equality. In 1975, the UN held the first of several international conferences on women’s status in the world. The fourth conference was held in Beijing, China in 1995. It addressed such issues as preventing violence against women and empowering women to take leadership roles in politics and in business. Closure Question #2: What responsibilities do nations have for protecting human rights in other countries? (At least 1 sentence)

29. Roe v. Wade (1973)   Controversial Supreme Court decision which assured women the right to legal abortion.   Some feminists considered their most important legal victory to be the 1973 Supreme Court decision in Roe v. Wade. Prior to Roe, most states outlawed or severely restricted abortion. Some women turned to illegal and often dangerous ways to end their pregnancies. The case and its decision was highly controversial at the time and still is today.   The women’s movement fostered a shift in attitudes among both men and women, and the American workplace today reflects this change. The percentage of women in the workforce has grown, from about 30% in 1950 to more than 60% in 2000. So, too, has the number of married female workers. Fields long closed or severely limited to women – such as medicine, law, and accounting – have opened up as well. The general shift in attitudes symbolized by these changes has created a world of possibilities for many young women who never knew a time when women were not allowed to do these things.   Despite these gains, the average woman still earns less than the average man, partly because many women continue to work in fields that pay less. Some people have referred to this situation as a “pink collar ghetto.” Whether this is because of discrimination, or because women who shoulder family responsibilities often have limited job choices, remains a matter of debate. Many studies suggest that a “glass ceiling” exists, limiting the advancement of even the most highly educated and skilled women workers.   Most troubling, the United States has witnessed a feminization of poverty over the past 30 years. This means that the majority of the nation’s poor people are single women. These are the women in the lowest- paying jobs, with the fewest benefits. Many of these poor women are single mothers, who must bear the costs and responsibilities of raising children alone while also working.

30. Gay Rights Movement  With its roots founded in Western Europe and North America in the last half of the 20 th century, the Gay Rights movement seeks to eliminate hate crimes and prejudicial treatment of gay, lesbian, and transsexual individuals and to secure legal recognition of relationships between such individuals as being equal to marriage.  In 1948, the UN issued the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which set human rights standards for all nations. It stated that “All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights… Everyone has the right to life, liberty, and security of person.” The declaration further listed specific rights that all human beings should have. Later, in the Helsinki Accords of 1975, the UN addressed the issues of freedom of movement and freedom to publish and exchange information.  Both the declarations and the accords are nonbinding. However, the sentiments in these documents inspired many people around the world. They made a commitment to ensuring that basic human rights are respected. The UN and other international agencies, such as Amnesty International, identify and publicize human rights violations. They also encourage people to work toward a world in which liberty and justice are guaranteed for all. Closure Question #2: What responsibilities do nations have for protecting human rights in other countries? (At least 1 sentence)

31. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)  A worldwide pandemic (catastrophic disease); AIDS is caused by the virus known as HIV, which is spread through bodily fluids and weakens the immune system so that people with the disease cannot fight other illnesses. Approximately 27 million people living in Africa south of the Sahara Desert are infected with HIV.  Many orphans in African become heads of household filled with younger brothers and sisters. For centuries, extended families have been the source of support in difficult times, especially in rural parts of Africa. The AIDS epidemic, however, has overwhelmed this traditional support system. African nations have taken steps to fight the epidemic. It has proved a tremendous burden, however, because many of these countries do not have the money or health facilities to educate their citizens about the disease and how to protect against it. Nor can they purchase the drugs that would extend the lives of those with HIV.  Uganda mounted an impressive effort to fight AIDS. President Yoweri Museveni involved a wide range of natural leaders in Ugandan society, including religious and tribal leaders, as well as international health and social service agencies. As a result of a major campaign promoting health and sex education, Uganda made significant progress in its fight against AIDS. Overall, Uganda’s epidemic has stabilized. However, recent research shows evidence of an increase of HIV infection in rural areas and among older men and women. Closure Question #3: How do you think the political situation in many African nations affects the fight against AIDS? (At least 1 sentence)

32. Aids in Africa

33. Rwanda / Genocide Rwanda – Central African nation which experienced a campaign of genocide in 1994; The Hutu and Tutsi peoples, long-time rivals, had been forced to live together in peace under European colonialism. The Hutus dominated government in the 1990s and resented the presence of the Tutsis. When a plane carrying the Hutu president was shot down, angry Hutus blamed the Tutsis, killing at least 500,000. Tutsi rebel soldiers in Rwanda gained control, forcing as many as 2 million Hutus to flee the country to the Democratic Republic of Congo. Tutsi soldiers invaded the DRC in 1998, leading to a civil war there which caused an estimated 3.5 million deaths. Within many African nations, warring ethnic groups undermined the concept of nationhood. This is not surprising since the colonial powers had drawn the boundaries of African nations arbitrarily. Virtually all of these states included widely different ethnic, linguistic, and territorial groups. For example, during the late 1960s, civil war tore Nigeria apart. Conflicts also broke out among ethnic groups in Zimbabwe. Further north, in central Africa, fighting between the Hutu and Tutsi created unstable governments in Rwanda and Burundi. During the colonial period, Hutu and Tutsi peoples lived together under European control. After independence in 1962, two new countries were created: Rwanda and Burundi. The population in both countries was mixed, but in Rwanda, the Hutu majority ran the government. They resented the position of the Tutsis, who had gotten the best education and jobs under the Belgians. Ethnic fighting was common, and many Tutsis left for neighboring Uganda. Closure Question #3: How do you think the political situation in many African nations affects the fight against AIDS? (At least 1 sentence)

34. Darfur / Refugees  In the early 2000s Arab militias within Sudan, with the support of the Arab-led government, attacked African tribal groups in the western province of Darfur. Entire villages were burned and tens of thousands of people were killed, leading an estimated 1.8 million people to flee to refugee camps. Despite a truce agreement in May 2006, the fighting in Darfur continues today.  Not all the news in Africa has been bad. One-party regimes have collapsed and dictators have been ousted in several countries. Apartheid also ended in South Africa. One dictator ousted was Idi Amin of Uganda. After ruling by terror and brutal repression throughout the 1970s, Amin was deposed in 1979. Dictatorships also came to an end in Ethiopia, Liberia, and Somalia. In these cases, however, bloody civil wars followed the fall of these regimes.  Africa is a study in contrasts. Old and new, native and foreign, live side by side. One result is a constant tension between traditional ways and Western culture. In general, the impact of the West has been greater in the cities than in the countryside. After al, the colonial presence was first and most firmly established in the cities. Many cities, including Dakar, Lagos, Cape Town, Brazzaville and Nairobi, are direct products of colonial rule. Most African cities today look like cities elsewhere in the world.  Outside the major cities, where about three-fourths of the inhabitants of Africa live, modern influence has had less of an impact. Millions of people throughout Africa live much as their ancestors did in thatched dwellings without modern plumbing and electricity. They farm, hunt, or raise livestock by traditional methods, wear traditional clothing, and practice traditional beliefs. Conditions such as drought or flooding affect the ability of rural Africans to grow crops. Closure Question #3: How do you think the political situation in many African nations affects the fight against AIDS? (At least 1 sentence)

35. Closure Assignment #3   Answer the following questions based on what you have learned from Chapter 36, Section 3: 1. 1.Why is nuclear proliferation a global concern? (At least 1 sentence) 2. 2.What responsibilities do nations have for protecting human rights in other countries? (At least 1 sentence) 3. 3.How do you think the political situation in many African nations affects the fight against AIDS? (At least 1 sentence)

36. Terrorism  The use of violence against people or property to force changes in societies or governments. Recently, terrorist incidents have increased dramatically around the world. Because terrorists often cross national borders to commit their acts or to escape to countries friendly to their cause, most people consider terrorism an international problem.  Terrorism is not new. Throughout history, individuals, small groups, and governments have used terror tactics to try to achieve political or social goals, whether to bring down a government, eliminate opponents, or promote a cause. In recent times, however, terrorism has changed. Since the late 1960s, more than 14,000 terrorist attacks have occurred worldwide. International terrorist groups have carried out increasingly destructive, high-profile attacks to call attention to their goals and to gain major media coverage. Many countries also face domestic terrorists who oppose their governments’ policies or have special interests to promote.  The reasons for modern terrorism are many. The traditional motives, such as gaining independence, expelling foreigners, or changing society, still drive various terrorist groups. These groups use violence to force concessions from their enemies, usually the governments in power. But other kinds of terrorists, driven by radical religious and cultural motives, began to emerge in the late 20 th century. Closure Question #1: What might cause individuals to use terror tactics to bring about change? (At least 1 sentence)

37.  The use of biological and chemical weapons in terrorist attacks. In 1995 members of a radical religious sect in Japan released sarin gas in a Tokyo subway, injuring thousands and killing 12.  The technological revolution has led to frightening methods of destruction, such as nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons. The end of the Cold War reduced the risk of major nuclear conflict, but regional nuclear conflicts are still possible. There are also fears that terrorists will obtain and use nuclear materials.  Anthrax-filled letters were used to kill U.S. citizens in 2001. Since then, there has been an increased awareness of the threat from biological and chemical weapons. Biowarfare, the use of disease and poison against civilians and soldiers in wartime, is not new. In Europe in the 1300s, plague-infested corpses were thrown over city walls during a siege to infect those inside. Chemical weapons were used extensively in World War I and during the Iran-Iraq war in the 1980s. Government have made agreements to limit the research, production, and use of biological and chemical weapons. In 1972, the United States and the Soviet Union agreed to permit work only on defensive biological weapons.  Launched in 1990, the Hubble Space Telescope, a large astronomical observatory, orbits about 375 miles above Earth’s surface. This enables the HST to avoid the distorting effects of the Earth’s atmosphere and to provide incredibly clear views of our own solar system and distant galaxies. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration sent two rovers, called Spirit and Opportunity, to the planet Mars. They arrived in 2004. Based on the minerals that the rovers found in Mars’ rocks, NASA scientists determined that the now-barren planet once had abundant supplies of water. NASA plans additional missions to Mars to prepare for the eventual landing of humans on the planet. Closure Question #1: What might cause individuals to use terror tactics to bring about change? (At least 1 sentence)

38. Cyberterrorism  Politically motivated attacks on information systems, such as hacking into computer networks or spreading computer viruses. Experts suggest that as more governments and businesses switch to computers to store data and run operations, the threat of cyberterrorism will increase.  The goal of religiously motivated terrorists is the destruction of what they consider the forces of evil. This evil might be located in their own countries or in other parts of the world. These terrorists are ready to use any kind of weapon to kill their enemies. They are even willing to die to ensure the success of their attacks. Terrorist acts involve violence. The weapons most frequently used by terrorists are the bomb and the bullet. The targets of terrorist attacks often are crowded places where people normally feel safe – subway stations, bus stops, restaurants, or shopping malls, for example. Or terrorists might target something that symbolizes what they are against, such as a government building or a religious site. Such targets are carefully chosen in order to gain the most attention and to achieve the highest level of intimidation.  Recently, some terrorist groups have used biological and chemical agents in their attacks. These actions involved the release of bacteria or poisonous gases into the atmosphere. While both biological and chemical attacks can inflict terrible casualties, they are equally powerful in generating great fear among the public. This development in terrorism is particularly worrisome, because biochemical agents are relatively easy to acquire. Laboratories all over the world use bacteria and viruses in the development of new drugs. And the raw materials needed to make some deadly chemical agents can be purchased in many stores. Closure Question #1: What might cause individuals to use terror tactics to bring about change? (At least 1 sentence)

39. OSAMA BIN LADEN / AL QAEDA  Radical Islamic terrorist group led by wealthy Saudi Arabian businessman Osama bin Laden. The central goal of al Qaeda is to end American involvement in Muslim countries. In 1993 al Qaeda exploded a bomb in the World Trade Center, killing 6 and injuring more than a thousand. In 1998 al Qaeda set off car bombs at American embassies in Africa killing 225 and injuring 5,500 others. In 2000 al Qaeda bombed the USS Cole in Yemen, killing 17 sailors.  In the 1990s, disputes between Israelis and Palestinians grew increasingly fierce. The conflict had increased instability in the region as a whole. As Clinton worked to address it, violence originating in the region spread outward, with the United States increasingly a target. In 1993, Palestinians and Israelis conducted secret negotiations in Oslo, Norway. The resulting Declaration of Principles promised Palestinian self-rule in Jericho and the Gaza Strip, as well as security for the Israelis. The declaration did not address Israeli settlement of the West Bank, a major issue that led to chronic violence, nor did it any way placate extremists on both sides who had no interest in compromising. Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin, who had signed the declaration, fell victim to the fury in 1995 when an Israeli religious fundamentalist assassinated him.  In 2000, Clinton invited Palestinian leader Yasir Arafat and Israeli prime minister Ehud Barak to Camp David to work on a peace agreement. They came close to signing one, but Arafat was not satisfied with any of the proposals. Back in Israel, Barak was ousted by Ariel Sharon, a “hawk” who opposed any concessions to the Palestinians. Palestinian suicide bombings increased, and with them so did crackdowns by the Israeli military.  In 1993, a terrorist group called al Qaeda exploded a bomb in the World Trade Center in New York City, killing six people and injuring more than one thousand others. Al Qaeda was led by a wealthy Saudi businessman named Osama bin Laden. Bin Laden had fought in Afghanistan in the 1980s on the side of Islamic fundamentalists who sought to expel the Soviet Union. By the late 1990s, he had formed al Qaeda. The attacks by al Qaeda angered Americans and frustrated politicians, who were learning that fighting terrorism would be extremely difficult. Closure Question #2: How did the September 11 attacks influence American policy in the Middle East? (At least 1 sentence)

40. September 11 th, 2001  On the early morning of Tuesday, 9/11/01, 19 Arab terrorists hijacked four airliners heading from East Coast airports to California. In a series of coordinated strikes, the hijackers crashed two of the jets into the twin towers of the World Trade Center in New York City and a third into the Pentagon outside Washington D.C. The fourth place crashed in an empty field in Pennsylvania. About 3,000 peopled died in the attacks.  In the wake of September 11 th, Bush and his advisers considered how to make the United States more secure. Everyone agreed that the most important priority should be finding and prosecuting the people behind 9/11/ This would be just the first step in what Bush called the “war on terrorism”. American government officials quickly determined that Osama bin Laden’s al Qaeda network had been behind the September 11 attacks. Bin Laden opposed the presence of American troops in Saudi Arabia, the U.S. economic boycott against Iraq, and U.S. support for Israel. He also opposed any government in the Middle East that he felt were pro-Western. Bin Laden and other al Qaeda leaders were believed to be hiding in Afghanistan.  Bush believed that any government that sponsored terrorism, event if it did not itself commit terrorist acts, should be held accountable. He immediately demanded that the Taliban turn over bin Laden to U.S. custody and shut down the terrorist training camps. When the Taliban refused, he quickly sent American forces, joined by Great Britain and other allies, into Afghanistan to strike terrorist and Taliban military and communication bases. Joined by Afghan rebels, the allied forces overthrew the Taliban within three months. Although American troops captured several of al Qaeda’s leaders, bin Laden himself escaped. While Afghanistan held its first free elections and wrote a new constitution, the United States still faced the threat of terrorism elsewhere. Closure Question #2: How did the September 11 attacks influence American policy in the Middle East? (At least 1 sentence)

41. Operation Enduring Freedom  (October 2001-Present) In the wake of the 9/11 attacks, the U.S. government demanded that the Taliban in Afghanistan turn over bin Laden. After its leaders refused, the United States took military action. U.S. forces began bombing Taliban air defense, airfields, and command centers, as well as al-Qaeda training camps. On the ground, the United States and its allies provided assistance to anti-Taliban forces, and by December the United States had driven the Taliban from power. However, bin Laden has yet to be captured and remnants of al Qaeda and the Taliban continue terrorist attacks against American forces and Afghan civilians, especially in the Southeastern provinces of Afghanistan along the border with Pakistan.  While the Taliban regrouped in remote parts of Afghanistan and Pakistan, Afghan officials selected a new government under the leadership of Hamid Karzai. Later, in 2004, he was elected president for a five-year term. His government faced the task of rebuilding a country that had endured more than two decades of warfare. However, in 2006, the Taliban appeared resurgent, and NATO troops took over military operations in the South. Heavy fighting with the Taliban continues today. Closure Question #2: How did the September 11 attacks influence American policy in the Middle East? (At least 1 sentence)

42. Department of Homeland Security  New American presidential cabinet-level office approved by Congress to coordinate domestic security matters among federal, state, and local agencies to prevent future terrorist attacks.  Some critics have charged that the Patriot Act violates civil liberties, but most Americans have been willing to give up some freedoms in return for improved protection against attack. September 11 was the first attack against Americans on American soil in 50 years, since the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor in World War II. In total, more than 3,000 Americans died in the attacks, more than died at Pearl Harbor. September 11 became a watershed in modern American history, a moment when Americans’ confidence in their nation’s power and safety was deeply shaken. Americans came together to grieve, rebuild, and decide how to deal with the threat of terrorism. The name “9/11” quickly entered the national lexicon, with people viewing historical events and even ideas as “before 9/11 or “after 9/11.”  Islamic fundamentalism refers to the religious belief that society should be governed by Islamic law. Many governments, including those of Iran and Saudi Arabia, have strong ties to Islamic fundamentalism and have been known to provide them with financial support, fueling the spread of extreme religious beliefs. In other nations, such as Libya and Turkey, Islamic fundamentalist groups have used violence in an attempt to gain power and take over the governments. Al Qaeda is an extremely influential Islamic fundamentalist terrorist group. By the turn of the 21 st century al Qaeda, led by Osama bin Laden, was providing aid, training, or financial support to scattered terrorist cells around the world. Closure Question #3: Is it important for the U.S. government to respect peoples’ civil rights as it wages a war against terrorism? Why or Why not? (At least 1 sentence)

43.  Antiterrorist bill passed by the US Congress in October, 2001. The Act allows the U.S. Government to conduct secret searches, wiretap of phone calls, and track e-mail and voice mail to prevent future terrorist attacks.  One of the most destructive acts of terrorism occurred on September 11, 2001, in the United States. Following the horrific attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, President George W. Bush vowed to wage war on terrorism. This process began with military action by the United States and its allies against Afghanistan in October 2001. The Patriot Act was passed to further aid the fight against terrorism. However, the secret monitoring of private communications have led some Americans to debate how far constitutional rights should be restricted to protect them against terrorist attacks.  In 2002 Congress established the Department of Homeland Security to coordinate efforts against terrorism at home. Worldwide, one of the most noticeable changes in public policies since September 11, 2001, has been increased security at airports. Many European and Asian governments have also begun working more closely together in their intelligence and police activities to track down terrorists.  The oil business increased Middle Eastern contact with the West. Some Muslims feared that this contact would weaken their religion and their way of life. Some began organizing movements to overthrow their pro-Western governments. Muslims who support these movements are called fundamental militants. They promote their own vision of what a pure Islamic society should be. Most Muslims around the world do not share this vision, nor do they agree with the use of terrorism. Closure Question #3: Is it important for the U.S. government to respect peoples’ civil rights as it wages a war against terrorism? Why or Why not? (At least 1 sentence)

44. Closure Assignment #4   Answer the following questions based on what you have learned from Chapter 36, Section 4: 1. What might cause individuals to use terror tactics to bring about change? (At least 1 sentence) 2. How did the September 11 attacks influence American policy in the Middle East? (At least 1 sentence) 3. Is it important for the U.S. government to respect peoples’ civil rights as it wages a war against terrorism? Why or Why not? (At least 1 sentence)

45. Popular Culture   Entertainment created for a profit and for a mass audience is known as popular culture; in recent years Western fashions, music, and other forms of media have spread worldwide, threatening the existence of cultures in less-developed regions.   The effects of globalization are not limited to politics and economics. Western culture can now be mass-produced and marketed globally. However, the dominance of Western culture also raises some questions. The United States dominated the art world after WWII, and New York City became the artistic center of the Western World. Artists, from abstract expressionists like Jackson Pollock to postmodernists, expressed vibrantly and energetically the postwar culture. Abstractionism dominated modern art after 1945. Abstract expressionists conveyed emotion and feeling. By the 1980s, postmodern styles emerged. Postmodern artists often create works that include elements of film, performance, popular culture, and sculpture. Today’s artists use digital cameras and computer programs to produce interactive art forms. Viewers can influence the production of the art itself.   Today’s people often talk about the movies they saw over the weekend or who won last night’s football or basketball game before they talk about anything else. Music, movies, television, sports – all are part of one popular culture. Known throughout the world, American performers and filmmakers help spread American popular culture. From early rock n’ roll to multimillion dollar musical acts of today, the world participates in America’s musical pop culture. Films also play a big role in spreading Western culture. In 2003 moviegoers around the world eagerly waited for the opening of the third and final Lord of the Rings trilogy, The Return of the King. The film’s success is an example of globalization of modern popular culture. Closure Question #1: Do you think that limiting the amount of foreign television programming is an effective way to protect cultural diversity? Why or why not? (At least 1 sentence)

46. Materialism  The Western mindset of placing a high value on acquiring material possessions. In recent years people from many different cultures have adopted materialism.  Greater access to the ideas and customs of different cultures often results in cultural blending. As cultural ideas move with people among cultures, some beliefs and habits seem to have a greater effect than others. In the 20 th century, ideas from the West have been very dominant in shaping cultures in many parts of the globe. Western domination of the worldwide mass media helps explain the huge influence the West has on many different cultures today. However, heavy Western influence on the rest of the world’s cultures is actually rooted in the 19 th century. Western domination of areas all over the globe left behind a legacy of Western customs and ideas. Western languages are spoken throughout the world, many because of Europe’s history of colonization in the Americas, Asia, and Africa.  Over the past 50 years, English has emerged as the premier international language. English is spoken by about 500 million people as their first or second language. Although more people speak Mandarin Chinese than English, English speakers are more widely distributed. English is the most common language used on the Internet and at international conferences. The language is used by scientists, diplomats, doctors, and businesspeople around the world. The widespread use of English is responsible, in part, for the mergence of a dynamic global culture. Closure Question #1: Do you think that limiting the amount of foreign television programming is an effective way to protect cultural diversity? Why or why not? (At least 1 sentence)

47. COLUMBINE (April 20 th, 1999) Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, two senior students at Columbine High School, carried out a long-planned massacre of their classmates. The two, social outcasts throughout their high school years, specifically targeted ‘jocks’, killing 12 students and 1 teacher while wounding 24 others. The two committed suicide following their hour-long attack. In the aftermath of the tragedy, schools across the country installed metal detectors, instituted anti-bully policies and “zero-tolerance” approaches to school violence. Both Harris and Klebold began keeping journals of their progress soon after their arrests. The pair also documented their arsenal with video tapes that were kept secret. Journal entries revealed that the pair had an elaborate plan for a major bombing rivaling that of Oklahoma City. The entries contained blurbs about ways to escape to Mexico, hijacking an aircraft at Denver International Airport and crashing into a building in New York City, as well as details about the attacks. The pair hoped that after setting off bombs in the cafeteria at the busiest time of day, killing many hundreds of students, they would use their guns to shoot survivors as they fled from the school. Then, as police cars, ambulances, fire trucks, and reporters came to the school, bombs set in the boys' cars would go off, killing the emergency personnel, media, and law officers; this original plan failed when their main explosives did not detonate. The pair also kept videos that were used mainly as documentation of explosives, ammunition, and weapons they had acquired illegally. In these videos, the shooters also revealed all the elaborate and creative ways the two had thought up to hide their arsenals in their own homes, as well as the ways they would deceive their parents about their activities. Some videos contained footage of the pair doing target practice in nearby foothills, as well as shots of the areas of the high school they planned to attack. On April 20, approximately thirty minutes before the attack, a final video had the pair saying goodbye and apologizing to their friends and families. Closure Question #2: Attach or Defend the following statement - “Guns don’t kill people; people kill people. (At least 1 sentence)

48. Virginia Tech  (April 16 th, 2007) The deadliest peacetime shooting incident involving a single gunman in US History; Seung Hui-Cho, a South Korean citizen enrolled as a Senior English Major murdered 32 individuals on the Virginia Tech Campus, 5 teachers and 27 students, before taking his own life. The killings sparked debate in the United States regarding gun laws and the responsibilities of academic institutions to identify potential threats among their student populations.  Cho, a senior English major at Virginia Tech, had previously been diagnosed with a severe anxiety disorder. During much of his middle school and high school years, he received therapy and special education support. After graduating from high school, Cho enrolled at Virginia Tech. Due to federal privacy laws, Virginia Tech was not informed of Cho's previous diagnosis or the accommodations he had been granted at school. In 2005, Cho was accused of stalking two female students. After an investigation, a Virginia special justice declared Cho mentally ill and ordered him to attend treatment. Lucinda Roy, a professor and former chairwoman of the English department, had also asked Cho to seek counseling.  The attacks received international media coverage and drew widespread criticism of U.S. laws and culture. It sparked intense debate about gun violence, gun laws, gaps in the U.S. system for treating mental health issues, the perpetrator's state of mind, the responsibility of college administrations, privacy laws, journalism ethics, and other issues. Television news organizations that aired portions of the killer's multimedia manifesto were criticized by victims' families, Virginia law enforcement officials, and the American Psychiatric Association. Closure Question #2: Attach or Defend the following statement - “Guns don’t kill people; people kill people. (At least 1 sentence)

49.  Since 1945, tens of millions of people have migrated. In general, immigrants have left underdeveloped, poor, and often war-torn countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America in order to seek jobs and safety in the wealthier nations in Europe and North America.  There are many reasons for migrations. Persecution for political reasons caused many people from Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Eastern Europe, and East Germany to seek refuge in Western European countries. Brutal civil wars in Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and Europe led millions of refugees to seek safety in neighboring countries. A devastating famine in Africa in 1984-1985 caused hundreds of thousands of Africans to move to relief camps throughout the continent to find food.  Most people who have migrated, however, have done so to find jobs. Latin Americans seeking a better life have migrated to the United States. Guest workers from Turkey, southern and eastern Europe, North Africa, India, and Pakistan have entered more prosperous Western European lands. In the 1980s, about 15 million guest workers worked and lived in Europe.  Many host countries allowed guest workers to stay for several years. In the 1980s and 1990s, however, foreign workers often became scapegoats when countries faced economic problems. Political parties in France and Norway, for example, called for the removal of blacks and Arabs in order to protect the ethnic purity of their nations. In Asian countries, there is often a backlash against other Asian ethnic groups.

51. Global Economic Recession  (2007-2010) A worldwide decrease in economic productivity which was sparked by the collapse of the global housing bubble in 2006. During the mid-2000s, house prices dramatically rose as demand for property in the United States and other nations increased. Many financial institutions issued home loans to individuals who were unable to keep up with high mortgage payments. A drop in demand for housing combined with an increase in foreclosures led many banks to the brink of failure, threatening the savings and investments of average citizens. Governments worldwide intervened to “bail out” the banks, passing the long-term debt on to taxpayers to prevent a second Great Depression.  A number of commentators have suggested that if the liquidity crisis continues, there could be an extended recession or worse. The continuing development of the crisis has prompted in some quarters fears of a global economic collapse although there are now many cautiously optimistic forecasters in addition to some prominent sources who remain negative. The financial crisis is likely to yield the biggest banking shakeout since the savings-and-loan meltdown. Investment bank UBS stated on October 6 that 2008 would see a clear global recession, with recovery unlikely for at least two years. Three days later UBS economists announced that the "beginning of the end" of the crisis had begun, with the world starting to make the necessary actions to fix the crisis: capital injection by governments; injection made systemically; interest rate cuts to help borrowers. The United Kingdom had started systemic injection, and the world's central banks were now cutting interest rates. UBS emphasized the United States needed to implement systemic injection. UBS further emphasized that this fixes only the financial crisis, but that in economic terms "the worst is still to come". UBS quantified their expected recession durations on October 16: the Eurozone's would last two quarters, the United States' would last three quarters, and the United Kingdom's would last four quarters. The economic crisis in Iceland involved all three of the country's major banks. Relative to the size of its economy, Iceland’s banking collapse is the largest suffered by any country in economic history.

52. World map showing GDP real growth rates for 2009

53. Barack Obama  (1961-Present) The 44 th President of the United States and the first non- white President in American History; Born in Hawaii to an American mother and Kenyan father, Obama graduated from Columbia University and Harvard Law School. He worked as a civil rights attorney and professor of constitutional law at the University of Chicago from 1992 to 2004. From ‘97 to ‘04 he served in the Illinois State Legislature before being elected as a US Senator in 2004. Obama unexpectedly defeated Hillary Clinton and John McCain on his way to being elected as President in 2008. A Liberal Democrat, Obama has introduced multiple changes to the U.S. government, including the establishment of a Nationalized Health Care program in 2010.  During his presidential transition, President-elect Obama announced that he would retain the incumbent Defense Secretary, Robert Gates, in his Cabinet. On February 27, 2009, Obama declared that combat operations would end in Iraq within 18 months. His remarks were made to a group of Marines preparing for deployment to Afghanistan. Obama said, "Let me say this as plainly as I can: By August 31, 2010, our combat mission in Iraq will end.“ The drawdown is scheduled to be completed by August 2010, decreasing troops levels from 142,000 while leaving a transitional force of 35,000 to 50,000 in Iraq until the end of 2011. The plan is to transition the mission of the remaining troops from combat operations to counter-terrorism and the training, equipping, and advising of Iraqi security forces.

54. Nationalized Health Care  Entitlement program through which all citizens within a country are provided medical financed by their government; All of the member nations of the European Union, as well as the majority of developed nations in the world, established nationalized health care programs in the late 20 th century. In 2010, with the support of President Obama, the United States Congress enacted the Health Care Reconciliation Act. The Act apportions government funds that will be used to provide health insurance to all Americans by 2019.  However, universal health insurance is not the same as universal health care. For example the United States, will have a policy of federally mandated health insurance to be implemented during the 2010-2019 decade. On the other hand, guaranteed access to health care has been the custom in the U.S. for decades and has been the law since the 1980s. The World Health Organization regards access to primary care as fundamental to achieving universal health care.  The Federal insurance mandate will in many cases override state laws. Each US state has its own rules and regulations in terms of requiring, administering and regulating insurance of all types, including health care insurance. Many US states began instituting health care insurance laws beginning in the early years of the 20th century. Hawaii has, since 1974, required employers to provide employees working more than 20 hours per week with a comprehensive health insurance plan. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts implemented a near-universal health care system by mandating that uninsured residents purchase health insurance from a private insurer by July 1, 2007. About 97% of residents participate as of an October 2009 report of the Mass Health Connector, an independent state agency involved in health care.

55. No Child Left Behind Act  (2002) Education law supported by President George W. Bush which holds schools accountable for the academic performance of their students, penalizing those that did not reach federal performance standards. The AIMS test is Arizona’s instrument to measure compliance with NCLB.  Once in office, Bush turned to the domestic issues that most concerned him, including using Clinton’s budget surplus to finance tax cuts. Like most Republicans, Bush believed that tax cuts would stimulate the economy. He felt they would provide Americans with more disposable income, leading to greater spending, heavier investment, and the creation of new jobs. In 2001, Bush successfully pushed a $1.3 trillion tax cut through Congress. The cut was highly controversial. It did put more money in the hands of consumers. Yet coming on the heels of a declining economy, it also increased federal budget deficits.  Bush’s other domestic priority was education. He favored legislation that tied the federal funding of schools to demonstrable academic success. The 2002 No Child Left Behind Act, which attracted bipartisan support, held schools accountable by penalizing those that did not reach federal performance standards. It also called for improving teacher quality and for making information about schools more readily available to parents.  Bush also addressed the concern of older Americans who were caught between their relatively fixed incomes and the rising costs of prescription drugs. In 2003, Congress extended Medicare to cover prescription drugs for senior citizens. Like his tax cuts, the measure was controversial. It was expensive, creating further budget deficits, and many seniors found its provisions confusing and its coverage inadequate.  Bush had been in office less than a year when the United States was attacked by a foreign enemy for the first time since Pearl Harbor. Following the hijacking and crashing of four commercial airplanes on September 11, 2001, millions of Americans rushed to donate money, supplies, services, and their own blood. As it became clear that the crashes were part of an organized terrorist attack on the United States, Americans responded as they had after Pearl Harbor – as a unified, determined nation. The attack challenged the new President in unforeseen ways and led to a major shift in American foreign policy. Closure Question #3: Why might programs such as No Child Left Behind and Race to the Top be considered anti-lower class. (At least 1 sentence)

56. Race to the Top  American education fund created in July 2009 by the Obama administration. $4.35 billion are scheduled to be dispersed to schools which demonstrate excellence in the form of high and/or dramatically improved standardized test scores.  "Race to the Top“ (Posted by Secretary Arne Duncan on July 24, 2009 at 09:28 AM EDT )  Today the Obama Administration is beginning the "Race to the Top" to reform our schools. Thanks to the work of the president and Congress, we have $4.35 billion of from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act for the "Race to the Top" fund to invest in school reforms that work. Today, we’re telling states what they have to do to win the competition for that money. But the president and I want to send a message to everyone governors and mayors, school board members and teachers, parents and students; businesses and non- profits. We all need to work together to win this race so that our students can outcompete any worker in the world.  To win the race, states have to have standards and tests that prepare students to succeed in college and careers. They’ll need to recruit and reward excellent teachers and principals. They must have data systems to track students’ progress and to identify effective teachers. They must identify their lowest-performing schools and take dramatic action to turn them around. In addition to the "Race to the Top" competition, the administration has another $5 billion available for targeted efforts to reform schools. We have the resources at the federal level to drive reform. Now all of us need to take this challenge on and work together to reform our schools. -Arne Duncan is Secretary of Education. Closure Question #3: Why might programs such as No Child Left Behind and Race to the Top be considered anti-lower class. (At least 1 sentence)

57. Closure Assignment #5  Answer the following questions based on what you have learned from Chapter 36, Section 5: 1.Do you think that limiting the amount of foreign television programming is an effective way to protect cultural diversity? Why or why not? (At least 1 sentence) 2.Attach or Defend the following statement - “Guns don’t kill people; people kill people. (At least 1 sentence) 3.Why might programs such as No Child Left Behind and Race to the Top be considered anti-lower class. (At least 1 sentence)