1. Smart City Spatial Information Standards Architecture George Percivall, OGC 2 December 2014, Tokyo Location Powers: Smart City Summit Copyright © 2014 Open Geospatial Consortium

2. Open Standards Activities for Smart Cities ISO/IEC JTC 1/SG 1 Smart Cities ISO TMB Task Force on Smart Cities ITU Focus Group on Smart Sustainable Cities ISO ISO/TC 268 - Sustainable development and resilience of communities British Standards Institute, DKE/DIN German standards Others: IEC, ANSI, CEN/CENELEC, ETSI, etc. OGC brings a focus on Spatial information standards for Smart Cities

3. Smart Cities Spatial Information Themes Smart Cities are high-density generators of innovation and information Location information is a major enabler of Smart City technology benefits. Benefits of smart technology must be judged by benefits to residents Reuse and repurpose is vital to urban resilience Open standards are needed for interoperability, efficiency, application innovation and cost effectiveness. (Graphic from Steve Liang, University of Calgary)

4. What’s so smart about Smart Cities? A Smart City provides effective integration of physical, digital and human systems in the built environment to deliver a sustainable, prosperous and inclusive future for its citizens. Source: BSI PAS 180 - Smart Cities Vocabulary How are “smarts” applied in cities To improve emergency response and resource management. Centralized command and control system To enhance citizen access to the city information to inform individual and collective decision making Autonomous actors in an ecosystem Smart City Information Enterprise

5. The Death and Life of Great Smart Cities “Cities have the capability of providing something for everybody, only because, and only when, they are created by everybody.” The Death and Life of Great American Cities, Jane Jacobs “Go out there and see what works and what doesn’t work, and learn from reality. See how people actually use spaces, learn from that, and use it.” Physical architect Jan Gehl recalling Jane Jacobs Smart city information development based on Jacobs Open Information Iterative Development Indicators of what’s important Smart City Information Enterprise

6. Architecture Viewpoints ISO/IEC 10746, Information Technology — Open Distributed Processing — Reference Model (RM-ODP) Enterprise Viewpoint: definition of Smart City, Indicators for assessing the value of deploying the technology, and enterprise components for the information system of a Smart City Information Viewpoint, spatial information and data needed in Smart City Services Viewpoint interfaces and workflows pertinent to a achieve interoperability using a service oriented architecture for a Smart City Deployment Viewpoint, identifying approaches for deploying the Spatial Information Framework in cities.

7. City services and Quality of life Indicators Smart City Information Enterprise

8. Example Indicators from ISO 37120 ISO 37120 indicators involve geospatial and sensors Recreation indicator: Outdoor recreation space Square meters of public outdoor recreation space per capita Energy indicator: Renewable energy sources Percentage of total energy derived from renewable sources, as a share of the city's total energy consumption Environment indicator: Noise pollution Noise pollution shall be calculated by mapping the noise level L den (day-evening-night) likely to cause annoyance Smart City Information Enterprise

9. Smart City Application Areas Each SDO has a similar list of application areas: Utilities - Smart Grid, Smart Water, etc. Sanitation Intelligent Buildings Intelligent Transportation Health Public Safety and Security Environmental Protection Emergency Services Education Urban Planning Open Data Smart City Information Enterprise

10. Copyright © 2014 Open Geospatial Consortium China’s Smart City Pilots: A Progress Report Pu Liu and Zhenghong Peng, Wuhan University IEEE Computer, October 2014

11. ITU Focus Group on Smart Sustainable Cities

12. Spatial Smart City Enterprise Components Based on ITU Focus Group on Smart Sustainable Cities City Sensor Webs Sensor networks Crowdsourcing Phones, Wearables Sensing Layer Analytics and Models Metadata Catalogs, Semantics Business Layer Visualization and Decision Support Population Data Data Access Geospatial Data Data Layer Data Ingest and Quality Checking Other Data Enterprise Data Urban/Municipal Database Economic Data Health Application Layer Intelligent buildingsIntelligent transportationOpen data Environmental ProtectionPublic safety and securityUrban planning UtilitiesEmergency ServicesEducationSanitation Elected OfficialsPublicMunicipal Employees Cloud hosted resources Security System Smart City Information Enterprise

13. Spatial information is pervasive and primary Geography Markup Language (GML) – the international XML standard for spatial data on the web. CityGML - open data format for the storage and exchange of virtual 3D city models and semantics IndoorGML - modeling indoor spaces for navigation purposes. LandXML - civil engineering and survey data for land development and transportation Building Information Models (BIM) using ISO, BuildingSmart and OGC standards Source: Thomas Kolbe, Berlin TU Information Viewpoint

14. CityGML Standards Family CityGML Standard Version 2.0 – current adopted version Version 3.0 Standards Working Group underway INSPIRE Data Specification on Buildings Buildings Theme as in Annex III of the EU INSPIRE Directive 3D representations of buildings using CityGML Basis of visualization of noise mapping National 3D standard in The Netherlands OGC Best Practice: CityGML ADE - Dutch 3D Standard Additional profiles are underway 3D National Data Model for Kingdom of Bahrain Information Viewpoint

15. CityGML Implementation Berlin 3D City Model - one of the world's largest city models. 560,000 fully textured building models in Level of Detail 2 (LoD2) and more than 200 detailed models in LoD3/4. Basis of the Berlin Economic Atlas and the Solar Atlas German federal surveying agencies central database will contain every building in Germany as CityGML LOD1 and LOD2 model. LOD1 model is nearly complete, and LOD2 is expected to be completed by the end of next year. Nearly every larger German city maintains its own CityGML model in addition. Major cities in Austria (e.g., Vienna, Salzburg), Switzerland (e.g., Zürich, Geneva) France (e.g., Paris, Bordeaux) have CityGML models Finland national initiative to build up a nation-wide 3D model 3D model on top of an “Open Information Model Architecture” - CityGML + OGC web service interfaces + open data + open APIs. Finish 3D model integrating both BIM and CityGML. Singapore evaluated CityGML for a 3D city model covering all LODs. Infocomm Development Authority of Singapore (IDA) Malaysian 3D SDI Increasing interest in Japan and US Information Viewpoint (Thanks to Claus Nagel for input)

16. Geospatial Standards and Profiles ISO/BSI ISO 19103ISO 19107ISO 19108ISO 19111ISO 19115ISO 19123ISO 19136/19139 ISO 19152 - LADM ISO 19156 – O&M PAS Smart Cities OGCIHO/ICAO/WMO/....INSPIRE National/City Data Model Smart service 1Smart service 2 Domain specific model 1 Domain specific model 2 S-57/ S-100 AIXM 5.1 Network Model Buildings Addresses........ CityGML SWE Common BIM Future extension GML Coverages Source: Carsten Roensdorf, Ordnance Survey Information Viewpoint

17. Seamless spatial data modeling across SDOs Information Viewpoint

18. Interoperability Services for Smart Cities OGC Web Services Maps - WMS, Features - WFS, Coverages - WCS, Metadata - CSW Sensor Web Enablement Discover, Task, Access and Process Sensor Observations – SOS, SPS Crowdsourcing Geo-enabled Social Media SensorThings for Internet of Things Processing WPS, WCPS, TJS, OpenMI Visualization and Augmented Reality ARML2, 3D Portrayal Open Data and Mobile: Open GeoSMS, Context, GeoPackage, 3D Portrayal OGC Sensor Web Enablement Services Viewpoint OGC Web Services Web Map Server Web Coverage Server Web Feature Server

19. OGC Services Architecture for interoperable access and processing of geospatial information for decision support Visualization / Decision Tools and Applications Internet and Cellular Networks Other Data Processing Services OpenMI WPS TJS WCPS Geospatially Enabled Metadata Discovery Services CSW OpenSearch Geo ebRIM WMS WMTS WFS Simple Features Access Simple Features Access Access Services Geospatial Feature Data Geospatial Browse/Maps Geospatial Coverage Data WCS Other Services Workflow, Alerts Sensors Puck SOS SPS O&M SensorML Sensor Web Enablement DiscoverTaskAccess Services Viewpoint

20. Example applications of Smart City Spatial Information Architecture (1 of 2) IndicatorStandards based measurement Maintain a City Model “Rapid model-building for venue owners” using CityGML and IndoorGML Recreation: Recreation space Calculate using WFS, WPS on City model OGC Moving Features movement of pedestrians Energy: Renewable energy sources Solar Atlas of Berlin is based on CityGML model BIM, geospatial, smart meters for urban energy - European SUNSHINE project Environment: Noise pollution 3D visualization of noise using the INSPIRE Building OGC.

21. Example applications of Smart City Spatial Information Architecture (1 of 3) IndicatorStandards based measurement Common Operating Picture COP for emergency response using Oil Spill Recommended Practice – OGC Web Services and GML Application Schemas Urban EconomicsGeospatial cyberinfrastructure for urban economic analysis and simulation: WMS, WFS, WPS at ASU Big data Analytics"New Science of Cities,” Batty WPS cloud computing for big data geo-analytics Crowdsourcing and VGI SensorThings on crowdsourcing “stovepipes” WFS and SOS wrapping of Twitter, Flickr and from mobile devices directly as in OGC testbeds Open DataOpen source : OS Geo, LocationTech, Apache, etc Open data: Open Street Map, Location Tech, GEOSS

22. Smart Cities Sustainability – Grand Challenge Cities have an outsize impact on environment 54% of humanity lives in urban centers and this percentage is increasing 2/3’s of globe’s energy consumed in cities Will this get worse as people move to the cities, or will we make a difference in how cities operate? Source: http://www.technologyreview.com/news/532466/cities-find-rewards-in-cheap-technologies/http://www.technologyreview.com/news/532466/cities-find-rewards-in-cheap-technologies/

23. Some Next Steps in developing Spatial Information Framework Develop Spatial Information Architecture for Smart Cities Build on the white paper and beyond Coordinate with other Standards Developing Organizations OGC providing spatial and location standards for Smart Cities Catalog OGC member implementations Conduct testing to confirm architecture and technology Deploy the architecture as a policy in your Smart City