1. Ecology Interactions between organisms and their environment

2. Ecology What is Ecology? Ecology is the scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their physical environment. Physical Environment- Biosphere The biosphere consists of all life on Earth and all parts of the Earth in which life exists, including land, water, and the atmosphere.

3. Interdependence in the Biosphere

4. Organisms respond to their environments and can change their environments, producing an ever-changing biosphere.

5. Levels of Organization Individual organism Population—a group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area Community—an assemblage of different populations that live together in a defined area Ecosystem—all the organisms that live in a place, together with their physical environment Biome—a group of ecosystems that share similar climates and typical organisms Biosphere—our entire planet, with all its organisms and physical environments

6. Biotic and Abiotic Factors What are biotic and abiotic factors? The living influences on organisms are called biotic factors. Non-living components of an ecosystem are called abiotic factors.

7. Biotic Factors A biotic factor is any living part of the environment with which an organism might interact, including animals, plants, mushrooms and bacteria. Biotic factors relating to a bullfrog might include algae it eats as a tadpole, the herons that eat bullfrogs, and other species competing for food or space.

8. Abiotic Factors An abiotic factor is any nonliving part of the environment, such as sunlight, heat, precipitation, humidity, wind or water currents, soil type, etc. For example, a bullfrog could be affected by abiotic factors such as water availability, temperature, and humidity.

9. Biotic and Abiotic Factors Together Trees and shrubs affect the amount of sunlight the shoreline receives, the range of temperatures it experiences, the humidity of the air, and even the chemical conditions of the soil. A dynamic mix of biotic and abiotic factors shapes every environment.

10. Exit Ticket Give one example of a biotic and abiotic relationship in the ecosystem below.

11. Ecology Interactions between organisms and their environment

12. Notes: Energy Producers and Consumers Where does energy in living systems come from? How is it transferred from one organism to another?

13. Primary Producers Primary producers are the first producers of energy-rich compounds that are later used by other organisms.

14. Primary Producers No organism can create energy—organisms can only use energy from other sources. For most life on Earth, sunlight is the ultimate energy source.

15. Primary Producers Plants, algae, and certain bacteria can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and convert it into food or forms that living cells can use. These organisms are called autotrophs.

16. Primary Producers Primary producers store energy in forms that make it available to other organisms that eat them.

17. Energy From the Sun Most primary producers use solar energy through the process of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis captures light energy and uses it to power chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich carbohydrates.

18. Energy From the Sun- Examples Plants are the main photosynthetic producers on land. Algae fill that role in freshwater ecosystems and the sunlit upper ocean. Photosynthetic bacteria, most commonly cyanobacteria, are important primary producers in tidal flats and salt marshes.

19. Consumers Organisms that rely on other organisms for energy and nutrients are called consumers. Organisms that must acquire energy from other organisms by ingesting in some way are known as heterotrophs.

20. Types of Consumers Herbivores, such as a military macaw, obtain energy and nutrients by eating plant leaves, roots, seeds, or fruits Carnivores kill and eat other animals, and include snakes, dogs, cats, and this giant river otter. Omnivores are animals whose diets naturally include a variety of different foods that usually include both plants and animals. Decomposers, such as bacteria and fungi, feed by chemically breaking down organic matter.

21. Types of Consumers

22. Exit Ticket Is the organism a Primary Producer or a Consumer? Where does each organism get their energy from? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- oVavgmveyY&list=PLwL0Myd7Dk1GGOPNLiAod6tzrN_1An-4thttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- oVavgmveyY&list=PLwL0Myd7Dk1GGOPNLiAod6tzrN_1An-4t

23. Ecology Interactions between species and their environment

24. Notes: Food Webs and Food Chains What happens to energy stored in body tissues when one organism eats another? Energy moves from the “eaten” to the “eater.” Where it goes from there depends on who eats whom!

25. Food Chains A food chain is a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten. Food chains can vary in length. An example from the Everglades is shown.

26. Food Webs In most ecosystems, feeding relationships are much more complicated than the relationships described in a single, simple chain because many animals eat more than one kind of food. Ecologists call this network of feeding interactions a food web.

27. Decomposers and Detritivores in Food Webs Most producers die without being eaten. In the detritus pathway, decomposers convert that dead material to detritus, which is eaten by detritivores, such as crayfish, grass shrimp, and worms. Pig frogs, killifish, and other fishes eat the detritivores.

28. Food Webs and Disturbance When disturbances to food webs happen, their effects can be change entire ecosystem. For example, all of the animals in this food web depend directly or indirectly on shrimplike animals called krill. What would happen if the Krill was removed from the ecosystem?

29. Trophic Levels and Ecological Pyramids An organisms position in the food chain or web is known as the trophic level. Primary producers always make up the first trophic level. Various consumers occupy every other level. Some examples are shown.

30. Trophic Levels and Ecological Pyramids Ecological pyramids show the relative amount of energy or matter contained within each trophic level in a given food chain or food web. Energy that passes through any given trophic level is ultimately stored in the bodies of organisms at the next level.

31. Pyramids of Energy Organisms expend much of the energy they acquire on life processes, such as respiration, movement, growth, and reproduction. Most of the remaining energy is released into the environment as heat—a byproduct of these activities.

32. Pyramids of Energy On average, about 10 percent of the energy available within one trophic level is transferred to the next trophic level.

33. Exit Ticket The grass has 500 calories. Going up the food chain, how many calories will the snake receive?

34. Ecology Interactions between species and their environment

35. Notes: Symbiosis Symbiosis is the way that organisms depend on each other in an ecosystem. The three main classes of symbiotic relationships in nature are mutualism, parasitism, and commensalism.

36. Mutualism If an anemone-eating species tries to attack the anemone, the clownfish dart out and chase away the predators. This kind of relationship between species in which both benefit is known as mutualism.

37. Parasitism Tapeworms live in the intestines of mammals, where they absorb large amounts of their hosts’ food. These are examples of parasitism, relationships in which one organism lives inside or on another organism and harms it. The parasite obtains all or part of its nutritional needs from the host organism. Parasites weaken but do not kill their host, which is usually larger than the parasite.

38. Commensalism Barnacles often attach themselves to a whale’s skin. They perform no known service to the whale, nor do they harm it. Yet the barnacles benefit from the constant movement of water—that is full of food particles—past the swimming whale. This is an example of commensalism, a relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed.

39. Predator-Prey Relationships An interaction in which one animal (the predator) captures and feeds on another animal (the prey) is called predation. Predators can affect the size of prey populations in a community and determine the places prey can live and feed.

40. Herbivore-Plant Relationships An interaction in which one animal (the herbivore) feeds on producers (such as plants) is called herbivory. Herbivores, like a ring-tailed lemur, can affect both the size and distribution of plant populations in a community and determine the places that certain plants can survive and grow.

41. Keystone Species Sometimes changes in the population of a single species, often called a keystone species, can cause dramatic changes in the structure of a community.

42. Exit Ticket Is the organism in a Parasitism, Mutualism, or Commensalism Symbiotic Relationship? Bees get nectar (food) from Sunflowers and the sunflower get pollinated by the bees Mosquitoes get blood (food) from a host and the host loses blood, itches, and sometimes get infections. Mites attach to beetles for transportation

43. Notes: Ecological Succession https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uqEUzgVAF6g