LATIN GRAMMAR NOTEBOOK

LATIN GRAMMAR NOTEBOOK
Your personal resource to organize all those charts and rules, provided you follow my instructions perfectly.

Verb Facts: The Most Important Words in Any Sentence p.1
What is a verb? Denotes an action or a state of being Essential to the sentence because it’s what is happening! Examples:

Types of Verbs p.1 Helping Verbs:
In English, helping verbs tell when a verb is happening ( was, is, had,have et al.) Latin never uses helping verbs; we use endings to show when a verb happens Example Rex was laughing. Rex ridebat. Rex will laugh. Rex ridebit.

Types of Verbs p.1 Linking verbs: show a state of being and link two ideas Acts like a chain or an equals mark (=) The most common linking verb is sum ,esse, fui, futurus in all its lovely forms Example Rex is a boy. (Rex = boy) Rex est puer

Types of Verbs p. 1 Transitive verb: action verb which takes a direct object ( a noun that answers who or what after the verb) The action transfers to another word Example Rex hits Claudius. Rex Claudium pulsat. Intransitive verb: action verb that cannot take an object The action stops at the verb and does not cross over to a noun. Rex is sleeping. Rex dormit.

Principal Parts p.1 Most verb have four principal parts, always listed in a specific order. These parts are used to make all the other verb forms. Notice the patterns 1st principal part ends with “o” Used for present tense 2nd ends with “re” Present infinitive; used for present, imperfect, future 3rd end with “I” Perfect active; used for perfect, pluperfect, future perfect active 4th ends with “um” or “us” Perfect participle; used for perfect, pluperfect, future perfect passive

Conjugations p. 2 The conjugation of a verb is determined by the second principal part (infinitive) ARE = 1st *ERE = 2nd (1st pp. will end with “eo”) ERE = 3rd IO, ERE = 3rd IO IRE = 4th

Qualities of a Verb p.2 Number Person Singular or plural 1st = I, we
2nd = you 3rd = he,she, it, they

Qualities of a verb p. 2 Voice: active or passive
Refers to relationship between subject and verb Active voice : subject performs the verb Aurelia sells the slave. Aurelia vendit servum Passive Voice: The subject does not perform the verb but the verb happens to the subject The slave is sold by Aurelia. Servus venditur ab Aurelia The person or thing doing the verb goes into the ablative. No preposition for things (means), “a, ab” for people (personal agent) Miles vulneratur gladio. Miles vulneratur ab amico.

Qualities of a Verb p. 2 Mood Tense
Indicative = states a fact or asks a question Imperative = makes a command Subjunctive = special clauses Tense Shows when the verb happens Present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect, future perfect

Tense Continuum p. 3 Pluperfect: in the past before something else in the past (August 24) Perfect : completed in the past (august 25) Present : now (august 26) Future perfect: before something else in the future (august 27) Future : in the future (august 28) Imperfect: in the past over a span of time ( august 24 and August 25)

Tense Continuum p. 3 Pluperfect : He had taken a shower before he ate breakfast Perfect: He ate breakfast Present: He is walking to the car. Future Perfect: He will have driven twenty miles before he returns home. Future: He will return home Imperfect: He was driving to school behind a very slow bus.

Agreement p. 4 A singular verb must have a singular subject; a plural verb must have a plural subject. Compound subjects are usually treated as plural subjects Examples The girl is running. Puella currit The girls are running. Puellae currunt.

Present active Indicative p. 5
Endings o = I st sing s = you nd sing t = he, she, it 3rd sing mus = we st pl tis = you pl nd pl nt = they rd pl Translations Verb __________, is, am, are ____ing, do, does ____

Present passive indicative p. 5
Endings R = I am _____ed Ris = you are ______ed Tur = he, she, it is _______ed Mur = we are _______ed Mini = you pl. are ______ed Ntur = they are _______ed Translations Is, am, are ______ed, Is, am, are being _______ed

Imperfect active Indicative p. 6
Endings Bam = I Bas = you Bat = he, she,, it Bamus = we Batis = you pl. Bant = they Translations must show action over a period of time in the past, habitual or continuous Was/were, used to, kept on, began to, past tense

Imperfect passive indicative p. 6
Endings Bar = I Baris = you Batur = he, she, it Bamur = we Bamini = you pl Bantur = they Translations: Was/were being ______ed, kept on being _______ed, used to be _______ed, began to be ______ed

Future Active Indicative for –are, ēre (1st and 2nd conjugations) p. 7
Endings Bo I will Bis you will Bit he, she, it will Bimus we will Bitis you pl. will Bunt they will Translations: will, shall Must show action to occur in the future

Future Passive Indicative for –are, ēre p. 7
Endings Bor I will be -----ed Beris you will be ----ed Bitur he, she, it will be-----ed Bimur we will be-----ed Bimini you pl. will be ----ed Buntur they will be-----ed Translations: will be -----ed, shall be ----ed

Future Active Indicative for ere, ire (3rd, 3rd io, 4th) p. 7 back
Endings am I will es* you will et* he, she, it will emus* we will etis* you pl. will ent they will Translation : will, shall

Future Passive Indicative for –ere, -ire (3rd, 3rd io, 4th) p. 7 back
Endings ar I will be ----ed eris you will be ----ed etur he, she, it will be ----ed emur we will be -----ed emini you pl will be -----ed entur they will be -----ed Translations: will be _____ed, shall be ____ed

Perfect Active Indicative p. 8
Endings i i isti` you it he, she, it imus we istis you pl erunt they Usually preceded by u,v,s,x from the 3rd pp. Translations: ----ed, past tense, has/have ---ed, did – Must show action completed in the past

Perfect Passive Indicative p. 8
4th principal part minus “us” Singular -us,-a,-um sum I was _____ed, have been ___ed -us, -a, -um es you were ____ed, have been __ed -us,-a, -um est he, she, it was ___ed, has been __ed Plural -i, -ae, -a sumus we were –ed, have been –ed i, -ae, -a estis you were ---ed, have been –ed i, -ae, -a sunt they were –ed, have been --ed

p. 8 The 4th principal part must be adjusted so that it agrees with the subject in gender, number, and case. Marcus was wounded Marcus vulneratus est. Silvia was wounded. Silvia vulnerata est. The men were wounded. Viri vulnerati sunt

Pluperfect Active Indicative p. 9
Endings eram I eras you erat he, she, it eramus we eratis you pl. erant they Translation: had ----ed Must show action completed in the past before another action The endings must be attached to the 3rd pp minus “I”; cannot be by itself or it’s the imperfect of sum Ambulaveram in silva. I had walked in the woods. Eram in silva I was in the woods.

Pluperfect passive Indicative p. 9
4th principal part minus “us” or “um” Singular -us, a, um eram I -us,-a, -um eras you -us,-a, -um erat he, she, it Plural -i,-ae, -a eramus we -i, -ae, -a eratis you pl. -i, -ae, -a erant they

p. 9 Translation: had been -----ed
Fourth pp. must be adjusted to agree with subject in gender, number, and case Marcus had been seen. Marcus visus erat. Cornelia had been seen. Cornelia visa erat.

Future Perfect Indicative p. 10
Endings ero I will have eris you will have erit he,she, it will have erimus we will have eritis you pl will have erint they will have Translations: will have ----ed, shall have ----ed Must show action that occurs in the future before something else in the future Frequently used in conditional (if) clauses

Future perfect passive p. 10
Endings 4th principal part minus “us” plus Singular -us,-a, -um ero I -us,-a, -um eris you -us, -a, -um erit he,she, it Plural -i, -ae,-a erimus we -i. –ae, -a eritis you pl. -i, -ae, -a erunt they Translations: will have been ---ed, shall have been –ed 4th pp. must be adjusted to agree with subject in gender, number, and case

Master verb chart pp. 11 and 12

Base Present Active Present Passive Imperfect active Imperfect passive Remove the “re’ from the infinitive o= I r = I Bam = i Bar = I for are, ēre s = you Ris = you bas= you Baris = you Present For ere remove t = he she it Tur = he she it Bat = he, she, it Batur = he, she, it Add i unless in mus = we mur= we Bamus= we Bamur = we Front of nt use “u” tis = you pl Mini = you pl. Batis = you pl Bamini = you pl. Imperfect: remove “re” nt = they Ntur = they bant= they Bantur = they Except ire verbs add e Am/is/are …ing, do/does …, ….. Am/is/are …ed, am/is/are being ..ed Was/were ..ing, used to …, kept on …ing, began to … Was/were being…ed, used to be ..ed, kept on being …ed Base Perfect Pluperfect Future perfect For all verbs, use the third principal part minus “i”. i= I Eram = I Ero= I isti = you Eras= you Eris= you it = he she it Erat= he she it Erit = he she it imus = we Eramus= we Erimus= we istis = you pl Eratis = you pl Eritis= you pl. Erunt = they Erant= they Erint= they This usuallys leaves a “u, v, s, x” to precede the endings. Has/have …ed,..ed, did …. Had …ed Will have..ed

Base Future Active are,ēre future Passive are, ēre Future active Ere, ire future passive Remove the “re’ from the infinitive Bo = i bor = I am = i ar = I for are, ēre bi s = you beris = you es= you eris = you bit = he she it bitur = he she it et = he, she, it etur = he, she, it Remove “ere” for “ere” bimus = we bimur= we emus= we emur = we Remove “ere” add “I” for 3rd io bitis = you pl bimini = you pl. etis= you pl emini = you pl. Remove “re” bunt = they buntur = they ent= they entur = they For ire Will… Will be…ed Will be …ed

Perfect, pluperfect, future perfect passive
4th principal part minus “us” Perfect Pluperfect Future perfect Us = mas. Sing These endings are used on the 4th principal Sum I Eram I Ero I A=fem sing to agree with Es you Eras you Eris you Um = neut sing the subject. Est he she it Erat he she it Erit he she it i = mas pl then use the Sumus we Eramus we Erimus we Ae = fem pl tense word to Estis you pl Eratis you pl Eritis you pl. A = neut pl form a two part verb with the correct implied pronoun Sunt they Erant they Erunt they Has/have been…ed, was/were..ed Had been …ed Will have been ..ed

Perfect, Pluperfect, future perfect active
Base Perfect Pluperfect Future perfect For all verbs, use the third principal part minus “i”. i= I Eram = I Ero= I isti = you Eras= you Eris= you it = he she it Erat= he she it Erit = he she it imus = we Eramus= we Erimus= we istis = you pl Eratis = you pl Eritis= you pl. Erunt = they Erant= they Erint= they This usuallys leaves a “u, v, s, x” to precede the endings. Has/have …ed,..ed, did …. Had …ed Will have..ed

Irregular verbs p. 14 Use the personal endings (o/m,s,t,mus, tis, nt or r,ris,tur,mur,mini, ntur) Base is the irregular part Mainly irregular in the present tense: Sometimes irregular in future and imperfect No irregular verbs in perfect, pluperfect, future perfect

Irregular Verbs p. 14 Very commonly used verbs Sum, esse, fui, futurus
To be: linking verb Possum, posse, potui Be able, can Always used with an infinitive Volo, velle, volui To wish

p. 14 Fero, ferre, tuli, latum Malo, malle, malui Nolo, nolle, nolui
To bring, to carry Malo, malle, malui To prefer Nolo, nolle, nolui Don’t want Eo, ire, ivi, itus go

Irregular verbs: Sum, esse, fui, futurus p.14
Most common verb in Latin Linking verb Irregular in the present indicative and subjunctive, imperfect indicative, future indicative, and in its principal parts Regular in perfect, pluperfect, future perfect both indicative and subjunctive Base = fu

Irregular verbs: Sum, esse, fui, futurus p. 14
Present indicative Present subjunctive sum sumus sim simus es estis sis sitis est sunt sit sint Imperfect Indicative Eram eramus Eras eratis Erat erant Future indicative Ero erimus Eris eritis Erit erunt

The Linking Verb p. 13 estis pres imp fut perf plp fprf pr sub im sub
perfsub plu sub sum eram ero fui fueram fuero sim essem fuerim fuissem es eras eris fuisti fueras fueris sis esses fuisses est erat erit fuit fuerat fuerit sit esset fuisset sumus eramus erimus fuimus fueramus fuerimus simus essemus fuissemus estis eratis eritis fuistis fueratis fueristis sitis essetis fueritis fuissetis sunt erant erunt fuerunt fuerant fuerint sint essent fuissent

Irregular Verbs: Possum, posse, potui p. 14
Definition: Be able, can Always used with a complementary infinitive Irregular in the present indicative and subjunctive, imperfect indicative, and future indicative; usually like sum just with pot in front Regular in all other tenses

Irregular Verbs : possum p. 14
Present Indicative Present Subjunctive Possum possumus possim possimus Potes potestis possis possitis Potest possunt possit possint Imperfect Indicative Poteram poteramus Poteras poteratis Poterat poterant Future Indicative Potero poterimus Poteris poteritis Poterit poterunt

Irregular verbs: volo, nolo, malo p. 14
Present tense indicative active Volo nolo malo Vis non vis mavis Vult non vult mavult Volumus nolumus malumus Vultis non vultis mavultis Volunt nolunt malunt

Volo, nolo, malo p. 14 Imperfect bases:
Vole Nole male Future Tense bases: treat like 3rd conjugation(ere) Vol Nol Mal

Volo, nolo, malo p. 14 Present active subjunctive Velim nolim malim
Velis nolis malis Velit nolit malit Velimus nolimus malimus Velitis nolitis malitis Velint nolint malint

Irregular Verbs: Fero, ferre, tuli, latum p. 14
Present Active Indicative Fero ferimus Fers fertis Fert ferunt Imperfect base: fere Future base: fer Use 3rd conjugation Present subjunctive: treat like 3rd conjugation

Irregular verbs: eo, ire, ivi, itus p. 14
Present Indicative Active Eo imus Is it is It eunt Imperfect base: i Future base: i Use bo, bis, bit, bimus, bitis, bunt

Imperatives p. 15 States a command Formation
Can be negative or positive Always treated like a second person verb Can be singular or plural Frequently used with vocative nouns Formation Singular: Remove “re” from infinitive Exceptions Dicere = dic Ducere = duc Facere = fac Ferre = fer

Imperative p. 15 Examples Vocare = Voca! Sedere* = Sede!
Recumbere = recumbe! Venire = veni! Stare = sta!

Imperative Plurals p. 15 Remove “re” from the infinitive and add “te”
Exception 3rd conjugation (ere) Remove “ere” add “ite” Examples Dare = date! Sedere* = sedete! Ducere = ducite Facere = facite Audire = audite

Negative imperatives p. 15
Singular Noli with the infinitive Noli dicere! Don’t talk! Plural Nolite with the infinitive Nolite dicere! Don’t talk!

What is a Deponent Verb? P.21
Special verbs with passive forms but active meanings Secutus est He followed. Recognize by having only three forms in the vocabulary listing ----r, ---i,----us sum conor, conari, conatus sum try deponent tempto, temptare, temptavi, temptatus try not deponent Why do we have them? Why do we have ticks?

Deponent Verbs p. 21 Deponent verbs are special verbs that have only passive forms but active translations. Example locutus sum I was talking They only have three principal parts and follow the –r, -i, - us/um sum pattern. Example loquor, loqui, locutus sum speak Follow the same rules for bases and endings as for normal verbs, just don’t ever make an active form. For 3rd conjugation you have to remake the present active infinitive. Take the “i” off the 2nd pp. and add “ere”; then just follow the normal rules.

Deponent Imperatives p. 21
For most deponent verbs, take the second principal part: Remove the “I” Add “e” Will look like an infinitive but translate like a command Conor, conari, conatus sum Conare! Try!

Deponent imperatives for 3rd conjugation p. 21
For third conjugation deponents: Recognize by not having “r” before the “i” on the second principal part Remove the “I” Add “ere” Example Sequor, sequi,secutus sum = sequere Follow!

Active forms for deponents p. 21
Future infinitive Secuturum esse to be about to follow Present participle Sequens, sequentis following Future Participle Secuturus, -a, -um about to follow Gerund Sequendum following Perfect Participle Secutus, -a, -um having followed

First Conjugation Vocabulary list for deponents p. 22
Hortor, hortari, hortatus sum urge, encourage Arbitror, -ari, -atus sum think Conor, -ari, -atus sum try Miror, -ari, -atus sum wonder Moror, -ari, -atus sum delay Recordor, -ari, -atus sum recall Vagor,-ari, -atus sum wander Osculor, -ari, -atus sum kiss

Second conjugation p. 22 Fateor, fateri, fassus sum confess
Confiteor, confiteri, confessus sum confess Polliceor, polliceri, pollicitus sum promise Vereor, vereri, veritus sum fear

Third conjugation p. 22 Loquor, loqui, locutus sum speak
Nanciscor, nancisci, nactus sum find, obtain Nascor, nasci, natus sum be born Proficiscor, profisci, profectus sum set out Sequor, sequi, secutus sum follow Utor, uti, usus sum use

Third conjugation p.22 Collabor, collabi, collapsus sum collapse
Consequor, consequi, consecutus sum catch up to, overtake

3rd io conjugation p. 22 Gradior, gradi, gressus sum walk
Egredior, egredi, egressus sum go out, leave Morior, mori, mortuus sum die Patior, pati, passus sum endure, suffer Ingredior, ingredi, ingressus sum go in, enter Regredior, regredi, regressus sum go back, return

Fourth conjugation p. 22 Experior, experiri, expertus sum test, try
Orior, oriri, ortus sum rise Potior, potiri, potitus sum get possession of

Semi-Deponent Verbs p. 23 A small group of verbs which are deponent only the the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect tenses Three principal parts -o, -e, -us sum Most commonly used semi-deponents are audeo, audere*, ausus sum dare gaudeo, gaudere*, gavisus sum rejoice soleo, solere*, solitus sum be accustomed Students should complete exercise 40 b p. 133 Ecce Romani 2

Infinitives p. 16 Present Active Present Passive
2nd principal part of the verb Usually ends with “re” Translate as “to + verb” Present Passive Begin with present active infinitive, remove “e” and add “i“ E.g. Amare = amari 3rd conjugation (ere) remove “ere” add “i” E.g. Ducere = duci Basic translation: to be _______ed

Possible confusion with “re” p. 16
“ere” can be substituted for “erunt” in the perfect active tense amaverunt = amavere If the “ere” is attached to the third principal part of a verb, it is not an infinitive. Remember that many third principal parts end with “u” or “v” or “s” or “x”; this will help you recognize this alternate form.

Perfect active Infinitives p. 16
Start with the third principal part Remove the “i” Add “isse” amavisse Translation : to have ________ most commonly used in indirect statements Scivit se interfecisse suum amicum He knew that he had killed his friend

Perfect Passive Infinitives p. 16
Begin with the 4th principal part Remove the “us” or “um” whichever is there. You will have to adjust this part to agree with whoever is receiving the action; most commonly it will be accusative because of the indirect statement UM/OS MASCULINE AM/AS FEMININIE UM/A NEUTER Add “esse” as a separate part amatam esse to have been loved Most commonly used in indirect statement Scivit suum amicum interfectum esse a se. He knew that his friend had been killed by him.

Future Active Infinitive p. 16
Begin with the fourth principal part. Remove the “us” and add”ur”; you will have to adjust this part to agree with whoever is doing the action. It will usually be accusative because of the indirect statement. UM/OS MASCULINE AM/AS FEMININE UM/A NEUTER Add “esse” as a separate part. amaturam esse to be about to love Translation “to be about to_________”

Uses of the Infinitive p. 17
Historical, subjective, objective, complementary, and the indirect statement

Infinitive Usage p. 17 Complementary Infinitives
Completes the meaning of an incomplete verb Most commonly used with Possum be able, can Volo, nolo, malo wish, don’t wish, prefer Cupio wish Debeo ought, owe Coepi begin Necesse est it is necessary Et al.

p. 17 Example Necesse est audire Roberto.
It is necessary for Robert to listen Potest audire Robertus. Robert is able to listen.

Historical infinitives p. 17
usually used for a series of actions translated as an imperfect tense verb to show a continuous series example Femina ambulare de via, viri mirari, omnes viri cadere in fossam. The woman was walking down the street, the men were amazed, all the men fell into the ditch.

Subjective Infinitives p. 17
functions as the subject of the sentence grammatically treated as a neuter singular noun in English can be translated as a gerund or an infinitive Example Errare est humanum. To err is human.

Objective Infinitives p. 17
functions like a direct object most commonly used with iubeo, iubere, iussi, iussus treated like a neuter noun example Iubeo disciplinos studere. I order the students to study.

The Indirect Statement p. 18
used to report a statement follows a verb of mental action such as saying, thinking, understanding, knowing, perceiving, et al. subject of the indirect statement will used the accusative verb of the indirect statement will be an infinitive example Scio Caesarem mortuus esse. I know that Caesar is dead.

The Infinitive of the Indirect Statement p. 18
The choice of the tense of the infinitive is relative to the main verb same time = present before = perfect after = future The first part of the perfect passive and future active infinitive will be in the accusative and will agree with the accusative subject.

Examples p. 18 scio eum stare in via. Scio eum stetisse in via.
I know he is standing in the road. same time Scio eum stetisse in via. I know that he was standing in the road. before Scio eum staturum esse in via. I know that he will stand in the road. after

Indirect Statement issues p. 18
The subject cannot be left understood; the accusative noun must be there. If the subject of the indirect statement is the same as the main clause, you will use the reflexive pronoun. example Caesar scivit se debere non ferre Cleopatram Romam. Caesar knew that he ought not to bring Cleopatra to Rome debere is the indirect statemnent; ferre in complmentary, se is the subject accusative reflexive.

Infinitives Issue #2 p. 18 A LATIN infinitive cannot ever be used to show purpose. To show purpose, you must use a subjunctive or a gerund/gerundive. Example I went to the store to buy shoes. Ivi ad tabernam ut emerem soleas.

Moods of Verbs p. 25 Three Moods
Indicative: States a fact or direct question Action is REAL Imperative: state a command Action is ordered Subjunctive : action is desirable or possible Exhorations Let the gods be with us. 3rd person commands Let the slaves clean the mess. Wishes Let my paycheck last the month. Possibilities She may learn to poop outside.

Present Active Subjunctive Endings p. 25
Singular M = I S = you T = he, she, it Plural MUS = we Tis = you pl Nt = they

Bases for present subjunctives p. 25
1st conjugation (are) Remove ARE and add E Amare = ame 2nd conjugation (ēre) Remove RE add A Debēre = debea 3rd conjugation (ere) Remover ERE add A Ducere – duca .

p. 25 3rd io (io, -ere) 4th conjugation (ire)
Remove ERE, add IA Capio, capere = capia 4th conjugation (ire) Remove “RE” add “A” Audire = audia She wears a diamond tiara io Let’s eat cake, Brian io/4

Present Passive Subjunctive p. 25
R = I Ris = you Tur = he, she, it Mur = we Mini = you pl Ntur = they Use same base as active subjunctive

The Irregular Present Subjunctive for sum and possum p. 25
Sim I Sis you Sit he, she, it Simus we Sitis you pl Sint they possim I possis you possit he, she, it possimus we possitis you pl possint they

IMPERFECT ACTIVE SUBJUNCTIVE p. 26
Endings M = I might…, might have …..ed S= you might …, might have ….ed T = he, she it might …, might have…ed MUS = we might …, might have…ed TIS = you plural might…, might have…ed NT = they might …., might have…ed Translate to show that the action happened at the same time or after the main verb

Imperfect active subjunctive p. 26
BASE Use the whole infinitive; don’t add or subtract any letters Just connect the subjunctive ending Amarem Amares Amaret Amaremus Amaretis Amarent

Imperfect active subjunctive p. 26
Recognition Most imperfect subjunctives will have RE before the personal ending because most infinitives end with RE Some very common verbs have irregular infinitives. Memorize these so that you can recognize their imperfect subjunctive Sum, esse, fui Possum, posse, potui Volo, velle, volui Nolo, nolle, nolui Malo, malle, malui

IMPERFECT PASSIVE SUBJUNCTIVE p. 26
Endings M = I might be …ed, might have been …..ed S= you might be …ed, might have been ….ed T = he, she it might be …ed, might have been…ed MUS = we might be …ed, might have been…ed TIS = you plural might…ed, might have been…ed NT = they might ….ed, might have been…ed Translate to show that the action happened at the same time or after the main verb

The Perfect Active Subjunctive p. 27
Begin with the third principal part. Remove the “i” to form the base. Endings Erim I Eris you Erit he , she, it Erimus we Eritis you pl. Erint they

p. 27 To translate, you will need to use a past tense form in English to show that the action happens after the main verb. Be flexible. You will only use the perfect subjunctive if your main verb is present, future, future perfect, or occasionally with the perfect when it is translated as “have” to show possibility. Quintus rogat quid acciderit. Quintus asks what has happened.

Perfect Passive Subjunctive p. 27
Start with the 4th principal part. Remove the “um” and add the 1st or 2nd declension endings needed to make it agree with your subject in gender, number, and case (nominative would be the only option for case) Us masculine sing I masculine plural A feminine singular ae feminine plural Um neuter singular a neuter plural Then as a second part use the present tense subjunctive of sum in the correct person to agree with your subject.

Example Perfect Passive Subjunctive p. 27
Captus,-a, -um sim I was captured Captus, -a, -um sis you were captured Captus, -a, -um sit he, she, it was captured Capti, captae, capta simus we were captured Capti, captae, capta sitis you pl. were captured Capti, captae, capta sint they were captured

PLUPERFECT ACTIVE SUBJUNCTIVE p. 28
ENDINGS ISSEM I HAD ISSES YOU HAD ISSET HE, SHE, IT HAD ISSEMUS WE HAD ISSETIS YOU PLURAL HAD ISSENT THEY HAD

PLUPERFECT ACTIVE SUBUNCTIVE p. 28
BASE 3rd principal part minus i There are no irregulars Example amo, amare, amavi, amatus Amavissem Amavisses Amavisset Amavissemus Amavissetis Amavissent Translate to show the action took place before the main verb; HAD is usually safe but there are other options.

PLUPERFECT PASSIVE SUBJUNCTIVE:uses the two part verb system p. 28
first part is the 4th principal part functioning as an adjective and agreeing in gender, number, and case with the subject us,-a, -um singular i, -ae,- a plural second part is the imperfect subjunctive of sum essem esses esset essemus essetis essent

sample pluperfect passive p. 28
amatus, -a, - um essem I had been loved amatus, -a, -um esses you had been loved amatus, -a, -um esset he, she, it had been loved amati, -ae, -a essemus we had been loved amati, -ae, -a essetis you pl had been loved amat-, -ae, -a essent they had been loved

Sequence of tenses p. 29 Primary tenses (present, future, future perfect,perfect translated as “have”) Secondary Tenses (imperfect, perfect, pluperfect) If the main verb is a primary tense, use the following subjunctives to show proper relationship to the main verb: SUBJUNCTIVE: same time/after: present future participle with present subjunctive of sum SUBJUNCTIVE before: perfect subjunctive If the main verb is a secondary tense, use the following subjunctives to show proper relationship to the main verb SUBJUNCTIVE same time/after: imperfect SUBJUNCTIVE Before: pluperfect

Main verb present, future, future perfect ( Primary Tenses ) p. 29
Present subjunctive Same time after Perfect subjunctive before

Main verb perfect, pluperfect, imperfect ( secondary tenses) p. 29
Imperfect subjunctive Same time after Pluperfect subjunctive before

Special verbs in special clauses
Subjunctives pp Special verbs in special clauses

PURPOSE CLAUSES POSITIVE PURPOSE ( POSITIVE MEANS IT HAPPENS)
INTRODUCED BY UT SHOWS THE PURPOSE OF AN ACTION EXAMPLE Plinius scripsit ut laudaret suam uxorem. Pliny wrote so that he might praise his wife.

PURPOSE CLAUSES NEGATIVE PURPOSE ( WON’T HAPPEN) INTRODUCED BY NE
SHOWS THE PURPOSE OF NOT DOING AN ACTION EXAMPLE Cicero comprehendit Catilinae manum ne patriam vastarent. Cicero arrested Catilina’s band of men so that they would not destroy the country.

ADVERBIAL PURPOSE INTRODUCED BY UBI
SHOWS WHY THE SUBJECT OF THE SENTENCE AS DONE SOMETHING EXAMPLE Cicero tempus exspectabat ubi Catilinam verbis oppugnaret. Cicero was awaiting a time when he might attack Catilina with words.

Relative clause of purpose
Introduced by a form of qui, quae, quod Gives the purpose more closely connected with a noun or pronoun than a verb Example Cicero accepit epistulam quae explicaret Catilinae coniurationem. Cicero received a letter to explain Catilina’s conspiracy Cicero received a letter which explained Catilina’s conspiracy.

Sequence of tenses Caesar wrote the Gallic Commentaries so that people would not forget him. Sallust wrote so that he might explain the Catiline conspiracy. Brutus was awaiting a time when he might betray Caesar with a knife

Result Clauses Shows the result of the main verb
Madge was so angry that she threw a platter at Herb. Introduced by ut for something that did, will, or could happen Introduced by ut plus a negative (ne, non, nullus, et al.) for something that did not, will not, could not happen The main clause will usually contain a word that means “so” such as tam, sic, talis, tantus, tot, adeo; These words should act as signals that a result clause is coming. Pompeuis Iuliam tam amavit ut civitatem neglegaret.

Cum Clauses Temporal: establishes the time when something occurs
Verb will be indicative Cum translated as when Circumstantial: explain the circumstances under which something occurs Verb will be subjunctive Cum translated as since or when

Cum Clauses continued Causal: explains the reason something happens Verb will be subjunctive cum will translate as since or because Concessive: explains something that may have blocked or hindered the main verb Cum will translate as although

Subjunctives in Indirect Speech
Indirect questions Whenever a question is reported in a statement, this is an indirect statement. I know what you are planning. Scio quid facias. The main verb wil be a verb or asking or telling such as rogo, peto, quaero The verb of the question portion will be subjunctive. The question portion will be introduced by an interrogative word such as ubi, cur, quare, quo. Quis, quid, quo modo, quantus, qualis et al.

Subjunctives in Indirect speech
Indirect command: reports a direct command Command portion will be subjunctive Main verb will be a verb of commanding or persuading such as mando, impero, persuadeo, suadeo, moneo, oro, et al The command portion will be introduced by ut for positive, ne for negative Caesar imperavit milites ut hostem oppugnaret.

Subjunctives in Indirect Speech
Clauses of fearing: with verbs or expressions of fear, what is feared will use the subjunctive Use ne if you fear something will happen Calupurnia timet ne Caesar interfectus esset a Bruto. Use ut if you fear something will not happen. Brutus timet ut civitas supersit.

Expression of Fear vereor, vereri, veritus sum metus, metus
Words of fear timeo, timere, timui vereor, vereri, veritus sum metus, metus pavor, pavoris terror, terroris extimesco, extimescere, extimui pertimesco, pertimescere, pertimui formido, formidinis formido, formidare timor, timoris

Subordinate clauses in indirect discourse
If you have a subordinate clause such as a relative clause inside an indirect statement, indirect question, or indirect command, put the verb of the indirect statement in the subjunctive These sentences usually have three verbs. Turducken sentences Caesar ordered the soliders to attack the enemy who was hiding in the ditch. Ordered main clause Attack indirect command Hiding discourse

Relative Clause of Characteristic
Characterizes or describes a general or indefinite antecedent Common after phrases such as est qui, sunt qui, nemo est qui, quis est qui Use a subjunctive verb for the relative clause part Usually translate as Of that sort, the kind that ….. Quis est cliens quo interficiat suum patronum?

Anticipation When an action is anticipated, when dum means until, and antequam or priusquam means before, use the subjuntive. If these words introduce an actual fact, use the indicative.

Conditionals Introduced by mostly by si, nisi, an
Simple Conditions will probably happen and use indicative verbs regardless of the tense. If Caesar conquers Gaul, he will be powerful Si Caesar vincit Galliam, erit potens. Future Conditionals can be one of two types: more vivid which will probably happen and uses future perfect and future indicative verbs and less vivid which is not likely to happen and uses the present subjunctive.

Conditionals Continued
More Vivid If she sees him, she will run. Si viderit eum, curret. Less Vivid If she should see him, she would run. Si videat eum, currat. The writer uses the grammar to inform the reader of the likelihood of the conditional occurring.

Conditionals continued
Contrary to Fact Cannot happen or will not happen Use imperfect subjuncive if English present Use pluperfect subjunctive for past If I were you, I would not do that. Si essem te, ego non facerem id. If I had known the facts, I would have acted more quickly. Si cognovissem facta, egissem celerius.

Si viderat eum, illa fugit.
Probably happens Simple conditional Si viderat eum, illa fugit. Any indicative tense

Contrary to fact conditional
Can’t or didn’t happen Contrary to fact conditional Si invitavisset eam ad convivium, illa negavisset Pluperfect subjunctive for past tense Si invitaret eam ad convivium, illa negaret Imperfect subjunctive for present tense

Will probably happen in the future Future probable Main verb= future
Aget secum Si invitaverit eam ad convivium “if/si” part = future perfect

Could but probably won’t happen in the future Future improbable
Main verb also present subjunctive Agat secum “if/si” part = present subjunctive Si invitet eam ad convivium

Main Verb Subjunctive: Hortatory p. 30-32
Expresses a mild command or exhortation Uses only the present subjuncitves No introductory word for positive; use ne for negative Translate with let or may Ludi incipiant. Let the games begin. Frequently used for blessing and curses

Main Verb Subjunctive: Deliberative Questions pp. 30-32
Rhetorical questions implying doubt, indignation, surprise or impossibility Usually introduced by an interrogative pronoun, adverb, or adjective The writer is not expecting an answer. Example Why would anyone trust Brutus now? Cur aliquis credat Bruto nunc?

Main verb Subjunctive: Optative pp. 30-32
Expresses a wish If the wish can come true, use the present subjunctive. If the wish cannot come true, use imperfect subjunctive for present, pluperfect for past Frequently introduced by utinam Utinam Caesar non credidisset Bruto If only Caesar had not trusted Brutus

Nouns p. 40 Definition: a word which shows a person, place, thing, or idea Classification: Number: singular or plural Gender : masculine, feminine, neuter Case: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative, vocative, locative

p. 40 Declension: based on genitive singular (second form of vocabulary listing) ae 1st i 2nd is 3rd us 4th ei 5th Base: remove the genitive singular ending Mater, matris = matr

p. 40 Vocabulary Listing Nominative singular Genitive singular Gender
Definition Example Ursus, ursi m. bear

First declension p. 41 Singular plual Nom a ae Gen ae arum Dat ae is
Acc am as Abl a* is Voc a ae

2nd masculine p. 41 Singular plural Nom us/er i Gen i orum Dat o is
Acc um os Abl o* is Voc e/er/i i

The Neuter Rule p. 41 All neuter nouns, adjectives, and pronouns repeat their nominative form for their accusative and vocative. You must use subject verb agreement and context clues to determine the noun’s function in these cases.

2nd dec neuter p. 41 Sing pl Nom um a Gen i orum Dat o is Acc um a
Abl o is Voc um a

3rd declension masculine and feminine p. 41
Singular plural Nom varies es Gen is um, ium* Dat i ibus Acc em es Abl e ibus Voc repeat nom. es

3rd declension neuter p. 41 Sing pl Nom varies a, ia Gen is um, ium
Dat i ibus Acc repeat nom. a, ia Abl e ibus Voc repeat nom. a, ia

I-stem Rules p. 41 For masculine and feminine nouns using “ium” for genitive plural Mono syllable nom. Sing with base ending in two consonants Nox, noctis yes Pax, pacis no Nominative singular ends with “is” or “es” and genitive and nominative have same number of sylables (parasyllabic)

I-stem rules p. 41 Nominative singular ends with “ns” or “rs” Pars, partis yes For Neuter nouns: use “ium” for gen.sing, “ia” for nom. Pl, acc. Pl, voc pl. and “i” for abl. Sing Basically just these nouns Animal, animalis (animal) Mare, maris(sea) Calcar, calcaris(spur)

4th declension masculine and feminine p. 41
Singular plural Nom us us Gen us uum Dat ui ibus Acc um us Abl u ibus Voc us us

4th dec neuter p. 41 Sing pl Nom u ua Gen us uum Dat u ibus Acc u ua
Abl u ibus Voc u ua

5th declension masculine and feminine p. 41
Singular plural Nom es es Gen ei erum Dat ei ebus Acc em es Abl e ebus Voc es es

Irregular Noun: vis, vis f. Force, violence p. 41
Sing pl Nom vis vires Gen vis virium Dat viri viribus Acc vim vires Abl vi viribus Voc vis vires

Nominative Case p. 42 Subject: main noun of the sentence
With active verb, person or thing doing the verb Quintilla servat infantem. With passive verbs, person or thing receiving the verb Infans servatur a Quintilla. Subject verb agreement: A singular verb takes a singular subject. A plural verb takes a plural subject Examples Puella vocat Puellae vocant

Nominative Case p. 42 Predicate Nominative: renames the subject after a linking verb ( some form of sum, esse, fui, futurus) Quintilla est ancilla.

Vocative Case p. 42 Used to call someone or something
Frequently used with imperatives and questions Same endings as nominative except second declension masculine which uses an “e” Example: Sylvia, fer aquam!

Genitive case “of” p. 43-44 Possession Description Quantity
Whoever/whatever owns something = genitive Cerberus erat Plutonis canis. Description With an adjective, the genitive can modify a noun. Caesar erat dux magnae virtutis. Quantity Used with special adjectives that denote quantity such as satis, nimium, nimis, plus, plenus et al. Whatever you have a quantity of uses the genitive Titus bibit nimium vini.

Dative Case “to, for” pp. 45-46
With necesse est The person or things for whom it is necessary will use the dative Necesse est matri adiuvare suos liberos. Indirect Object Shows to whom or for whom something is given, shown or told Dedit Marco pecuniam.

Dative Special verbs A group of verbs that take their direct object in the dative instead of the accusative Some of these are: Noceo, credo, pareo, placeo, placet, faveo, studeo, persuadeo, respondeo, appropinquo, obsto, prosum, expedio, cedo, licet, fido,opitulor, medeo, parco, resisto, invideo, irascor, minor, studeo, displicet, impero, suadeo, dissuadeo, libet Credo meae matri.

Dative With compound verbs
Many compound verbs will use the dative for their direct object instead of the accusative Verbs compounded with ad, ante, circum, con, in, inter, ob, post, prae, pro, sub, and super are most commonly used this way Example Omnibus eius consiliis occurri. I withstood all his plans Occurri is a compound of ob and curro

Accusative Case pp. 47-48 Direct Object:
Follows an action verb and answers who or what after the verb This is noun the verb happens to Caesar amat suam uxorem et uxores alterorum quoque.

Accusative Case Object of prepositions
Most Latin prepositions use the accusative case for their objects (ask what after the preposition) In(into), ad (to,…) adversus (against), ante (before,…)apud (at,…)circiter (about), circum (around), cis (this side of) contra (against), erga (toward), infra (below), inter (between), intra (within), iuxta (next to), ob (on account of), per (through), post (after, behind), prope (near), praeter (beyond, past…), propter (on account of), secundum (following…), super (over…) supra (above), trans (across), ultra (beyond) Ambulamus trans pontem.

Ablative pp. 49-51 Time: shows when
No preposition Advenimus nocte. Special prepositions: These prepositions use the ablative for their objects. A, abs, ab (from, by), de (from, down, about), e,ex (from, out of), cum (with), prae (before, in front), pro ( for, in front of), sine (without), in (in), sub (under) SIDSPACE ( Sub, In, De, Sine, Pro/Prae, A,ab, Cum, E,ex) Sine aqua mortui erunt.

Ablative Place where: shows location
Use “in” or “sub” In villa habitamus. Place from: shows motion away from Use “a,ab,abs,de,e,ex” E villa ambulavi. Cause : shows reason why without preposition Suis victoriis laeti sunt.

Ablative Manner: shows style or manner
Can use “cum” or can omit “cum” with an adjective Currit cum celeritate. Currit cum magna celeritate/magna celeritate. Means: shows means or instrument used to accomplish an action No preposition in Latin but translate with “by: or “with” into English Vulneratus erat gladio.

Ablative Personal Agent: person who does the action of a passive verb
Use preposition “a,ab” A Marco vulneratus est. Price: shows how much something costs No preposition Does not have to be money. Vendam tibi porcum octo denariis. Vendam tibi porcum duobus amphoris vini.

Time and Space Constructions pp. 52-53
When = ablative without a preposition At the fourth hour, we will sail. Quartā horā navigabimus. Within which= Ablative with no preposition Establishes a time frame but not a duration Within this month we will sail. Hāc mense navigabimus. Duration of time = accusative with no preposition Shows how long For three months we will sail. Tres menses navigabimus.

Place Place from = ablative with a, ab,e, ex, de
Shows motion away from With names of cities, towns, and small islands, the preposition can be omitted. Navigabimus e Carthagine. ( optional preposition) Navigabimus Carthagine. ( omitted preposition) Navigabimus e Africā ( required preposition)

Place to = accusative plus prepositions “ad” ( to, toward, near)in (into), sub( up to, at the foot of) Preposition can be omitted with small islands, cities and towns Navigamus ad insulam. ( required preposition) Navigamus ad Romam. ( optional preposition) Navigamus Romam (omitted preposition) For domus (home) and rus ( country) use domum (to the house, home) and rus ( to the country)

Place where For normal nouns, use the ablative and the preposition “in” or “sub” Habitavimus in multis villis. For cities, towns, small islands use the locative First declension ae or arum 2nd declension o or is 3rd declension singular e or sometimes i 3rd declension plural ibus Habitavimus Romae. For domus (home) or rus (country), domo for home, rure for countryside

Extent of space: shows how far without a preposition with the accusative
Navigabimus viginti milia passum. We sailed for 20 miles.

Pronouns pp. 61-62 Lovely little words that take the place of nouns
Pronoun agreement: gender and number come from antecedent(replaced noun) but case comes from use in clause Types of Pronouns Personal pronouns : 1st, 2nd, 3rd. ( I, we, me, us, you, he, she, it, they)

p. 61-62 Demonstrative Pronouns: points out which one
This, that, these, those Can also be used as personal pronouns Relative pronouns: introduce relative clauses and give more information about the antecedent Who, which, whom, whose, what Interrogative Pronouns: introduce questions Who, what, which, whose, whom Reflexive: refer to the subject Himself, herself, itself, themselves, myself, yourself

pp Possession: special adjectives to show possession (meus, noster, tuus, vester, suus) Intensive pronoun: provides emphasis for a noun -self Indefinite pronoun: vague antecedent; points which one but not specifically

Personal Pronouns p. 63 FIRST PERSON I, ME WE, US NOM EGO NOS
GEN MEI** NOSTRUM** DAT MIHI NOBIS ACC ME NOS ABL*** ME NOBIS **TO SHOW POSSESSION, USE THE ADJECTIVES MEUS, MEA,MEUM OR NOSTER, NOSTRA, NOSTRUM ***mecum, nobiscum = with me/ with us

p. 63 2ND PERSON YOU YOU, Y’ALL NOM TU VOS GEN TUI** VESTRUM**
DAT TIBI VOBIS ACC TE VOS ABL *** TE VOBIS **TO SHOW POSSESSION, USE THE ADJECTIVES TUUS, TUA, TUUM OR VESTER, VESTRA, VESTRUM ***TECUM , VOBISCUM = WITH YOU

p. 63 3rd person singular IS EA ID EIUS EIUS EIUS EI EI EI EUM EAM ID
Masc fem neuter IS EA ID EIUS EIUS EIUS EI EI EI EUM EAM ID EO* EA* EO

p.63 3RD PERSON PLURAL EI EAE EA EORUM EARUM EORUM EIS EIS EIS
MASC FEM NEUTER EI EAE EA EORUM EARUM EORUM EIS EIS EIS EOS EAS EA

Demonstrative Pronouns p. 64
The pronoun “is, ea, id “ found on page _____ can also be used as a demonstrative pronoun. It can be used to mean “this, that, those, these” All demonstrative pronouns can also be used as third person (he, she, it, they, him, her, them) personal pronouns as long as they are not reflexive to the subject. For reflexive pronouns for third person see page ______

p. 64 Plural Masc fem neuter Hi hae haec Horum harum horum His his his
Hos has haec

Demonstrative Pronoun: that, those p. 65
Also points out which one but further away than this, these Singular Masc fem neut ille illa illud illius illius illius illi illi illi Illum illam illud illō* illā* illō*

p. 65 Plural Masc fem neut illi illae illa illorum illarum illorum
illis illis illis illos illas illa

Emphatic Demonstrative p. 65
Translates as “the same” Singular Idem eadem idem Eiusdem eiusdem eiusdem Eidem eidem eidem Eundem eandem idem Eodem eādem eodem

p. 65 Plural Eidem eaedem eadem Eorundem earundem eorundem
Eisdem eisdem eisdem Eosdem easdem eadem

Relative Pronouns p . 66 Function: introduces a relative clause
Gives more information about the antecedent Relates back to the antecedent I know that boy who was running down the street. Scio illum puerum qui currebat de via. Basic translations: who, which, what, whose, whom

p. 66 Agreement: must agree with the antecedent in gender and number but gets its case from the use in the relative clause I know the boy who was running down the street. Who refers to boy Therefore it will be masculine and singular It is the subject of its clause Therefore it will be nominative

Relative Singular p. 66 Singular Masculine feminine neuter
QUI QUAE QUOD CUIUS CUIUS CUIUS CUI CUI CUI QUEM QUAM QUOD QUO* QUA* QUO*

Relative Plural p. 66 Plural Masculine feminine neuter QUI QUAE QUAE
QUORUM QUARUM QUORUM QUIBUS QUIBUS QUIBUS QUOS QUAS QUAE

Interrogative Pronouns p. 68
Introduce a question Follow the rules of agreement Singular Masc fem neuter Quis quis quid Cuius cuius cuius Cui cui cui Quem quam quid Quō quā quō

p. 68 Plural Masc fem neuter Qui quae quae Quorum quarum quorum
Quibus quibus quibus Quos quas quae

p. 68 Examples Quis es tu? Who are you? Quid facis?
What are you doing?

Third Person Reflexive Pronoun p. 69
Forms Nominative None Genitive **sui Dative sibi Accusative se or sese Ablative se or sese Vocative none **use the possessive adjective suus, sua, suum declined in the first and second declension to show possession.

Usage of Reflexive Pronouns p. 69
Must reflect the subject Usually translated by adding “-self” Must be essential to the sentence; removing the pronoun would change the meaning. Interfecit se. He killed himself. ( “Himself” is essential and reflexive) Interfecit militem ipse. He killed the soldier himself. (“Himself” only add emphasis and can be omitted without changing the meaning of the sentence)

Personal Possession p. 70 To show possession with 1st person, 2nd person, and 3rd person reflexive Use possessive adjectives which agree in gender, number, and case with the modified noun. I lost my book. Meum librum I lost your book tuum librum I lost our book nostrum librum I lost your (pl) book. Vestrum librum In spite of the fact that I am feminine, I use the masculine to agree with the book which is masculine.

Non-reflexive possession p. 70
Use the genitive to show non-reflexive possession( meaning doesn’t belong to the subject) Mychal non amat suum canem. ( The dog belongs to Mychal) Mychal non amat eius canem (the dog belongs to someone else)

Reflexive Possession 3rd person p. 70
Masc fem neut Suus sua suum nom Sui suae sui gen Suo suae suo dat Suum suam suum acc suȱ suā suȱ abl

p. 70 Masc fem neut Sui suae sua nom Suorum suarum suorum gen
Suis suis suis dat Suos suas sua acc

p. 70 Make the reflexive adjective agree with the modified noun in gender, number, and case, not with the reflected subject. Clarissa lost her book. Clarissa amisit suum librum. Masc acc sing because it modifies the book which is masc acc. Sing.

Intensive Pronouns p. 71 Only provide emphasis; can be removed without changing the meaning Translate with –self Singular Masc fem neut Ipse ipsa ipsum Ipsius ipsius ipsius Ipsi ipsi ipsi Ipsum ipsam ipsum Ipso ipsā ipso

p. 71 Plural Ipsi ipsae ipsa Ipsorum ipsarum ipsorum Ipsis ipsis ipsis
Ipsos ipsas ipsa

Indefinite Pronouns p. 72 Definition: some, certain Forms
Quidam quaedam quoddam Cuiusdam cuiusdam cuiusdam Cuidam cuidam cuidam Quendam quandam quoddam Quodam quādam quodam

p. 72 Quidam quaedam quaedam Quorundam quarundam quorundam
Quibusdam quibusdam quibusdam Quosdam quasdam quaedam

Those Awful “q” words p. 73 1. It’s perfectly okay to hate them.
2. “Qui Quae Quod” are relative pronouns Will give more information about a noun or pronoun Will be in a sentence with at least two verbs Marcus est puer qui amat Ferocem. 3. Interrogative Pronouns “Quis, Quid” Usually asks a direct questions although sometimes asking an indirect question ( will have subjunctive verb) Quid facit illum strepitum? What is that noise? Rogavi quis faceret illum strepitum. I asked who was making that noise.

p. 73 4. Quod If there’s a neuter noun, it might be a pronoun meaning “which” Faciemus iter quod cras incipiet. We will make a journey which will begin tomorrow. If there is no neuter noun, probably a conjunction meaning “because” Discessimus quod non amavimus illam cenam. We left because we didn’t like that food

p. 73 5. Quam If only one verb, probably not a pronoun. It needs something feminine to refer to. If used with an adverb, it means “how” Quam celeriter currit! With a comparative it means “than” Sextus est molestior quam Marcus With a superlative it means “as possible” Sextus currit quam celerrime.

Adjectives p. 74

Adjectives p. 74 Definition: describes a noun or pronoun
What kind? Which one? How many? Agreement: must agree in gender, number, and case with the modified noun (word being described) Puer territus cucurrit a cane magna.

Gender Rules p. 74 1st declension = mostly feminine 2nd declension
“Us/er” nominative singular = masculine “Um” nominative singular = neuter 3rd declension: usually what makes sense but not always “tor” = masc “trix” = feminine

p. 74 4th declension 5th declension= mostly feminine
“us” nominative singular = masculine “u” nominative singular = neuter 5th declension= mostly feminine

Substantives p. 74 Sometimes the modified noun/pronoun is left out of the sentence. When there is no word which agrees in gender, number, and case with the adjective, you must supply in English the understood/implied noun based on the gender, number, and case. Masc sing = man; masc pl. = men Feminine sing= woman; feminine pl = women Neuter sing = thing; neuter pl = things Bonus expectabat bona. The good (man) was expecting good (things).

First and Second Declension Adjectives p. 75
Nominative patterns: masculine, feminine, neuter “us, a, um” “er, a, um” Base = feminine nominative singular minus “a” Bonus, bona, bonum = bon Sacer, sacra, sacrum = sacr

Masculine p. 75 Singular plural Nom us/er i Gen i orum Dat o is
Acc um os Abl o is Voc e/i/er i

Feminine p. 75 Singular plural Nom a ae Gen ae arum Dat ae is
Acc am as Abl ā is Voc a ae

Neuter p. 75 Singular plural Nom um a Gen i orum Dat o is Acc um a
Abl o is Voc um a

Third Declension Adjectives p. 76
Nominative patterns: “er, is, e” = masc, fem, neut “is, e” = masc and fem, neut “?, is” = masc,fem, neut nom sing; masc, fem, neut gen sing. Base = remove “is” Celer, celeris, celere = celer Fortis, forte = fort Audax, audacis = audac

Masculine and Feminine p. 76
Singular plural Nom ???? Es Gen is ium Dat i ibus Acc em es Abl i ibus Voc repeat nom es

Neuter p. 76 Singular plural Nom ?????? ia Gen is ium Dat i ibus
Acc repeat nom. ia Abl i ibus Voc repeat nom. ia

Irregular Adjectives p. 77
A small group of adjectives that show non-specific quantities are irregular in the genitive singular and dative singular. The plurals are normal Masculine feminine neuter us/er a um ius ius ius i i i um am um o a o

Irregular Adjectives p. 77
Listed below are the irregular adjectives: Alius, alia, aliud other Nullus, nulla, nullum none, not any Ullus, ulla, ullum any, some Solus, sola, solum alone, only Totus, tota, totum total, whole, all Unus, una, unum one, only Alter, altera, alterum another Uter, utra, utrum each

Cardinal Numbers ( counting numbers) p. 78
Most cardinal numbers do not decline; however, one, two, and three do. Learn the following numbers and their declensional charts Unus, una, unum Duo, duae, duo Tres, tria

Unus, una, unum p. 78 Masc fem neuter Unus una unum Unius unius unius
Uni uni uni Unum unam unum unṑ unā unṑ

Duo duae duo p. 78 Masc fem neuter Duo duae duo Duorum duarum duorum
Duobus duabus duobus Duos duas duo

Tres, tria p. 78 Masc/fem neuter Tres tria Trium trium Tribus tribus

p. 78 Quattuor four Quinque five Sex six Septem seven Octo eight
Novem nine Decem ten Viginti twenty Centum Mille

Cardinal number 1000 versus 1000s p. 78
One thousand mille does not decline. Multiple thousands does decline and is treated like a neuter noun Milia Milium Milibus Use the genitive to show what you have thousands of Most frequently used as milia passuum thousands of steps = mile

Roman Numerals p. 78 I = 1 V= 5 X = 10 L = 50 C = 100 D = 500 M = 1000

Reading Roman numerals p. 78
Large number followed by smaller number add VI six Small number followed by larger number substract Iv four Large number small number large number Substract from second large number Mcm 1900

Ordinal Numbers: show order or sequence p. 78
Primus, -a, -um Secundus, -a, -um Tertius, -a, -um Quartus, -a, -um Quintus, -a, -um Sextus, -a, -um Septimus, -a, -um Octavus, -a –um Nonus,-a, -um Decimus, -a, -um

Using Ordinal Numbers p. 78
Ordinal numbers are just adjectives and must agree with the modified noun in gender, number, and case. Endings are listed on p. ___p. 75_________ . Primus princeps erat Augustus. Augusti secunda uxor erat Livia.

ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS: positive, comparative, and superlative
DEGREE p. 80 ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS: positive, comparative, and superlative

DEGREE OF ADJECTIVES p. 80 An adjective has three degrees.
Positive is the basic form without any changes for emphasis. Comparative is the next step to show more emphasis. The word will become larger itself by adding ior. Superlative is the top step. The adjective becomes even longer by adding usually issim.

Degree of adjectives Miles est altus. The soldier is tall. positive
Hic miles est altior. This soldier is taller. comparative. Ille miles est altissimus. That soldier is the tallest. superlative

POSITIVE p. 80 The positive form is the most basic. Remember it must always change, based on its declension, to agree with the modified noun in gender, number, and case. Positive adjectives are either classified as First and second declension Third declension Any adjective can be adjusted to modify any noun.

COMPARATIVE p. 80 The comparative form is the second degree.
Its can be translated by: Adding er to the positive altior taller Using the word more altior more tall Adding the word rather altior rather tall Adding too altior too tall

Forming Comparatives p. 80
To make a comparative adjective Begin with the base of the adjective For first and second declensions, this will be the feminine nominative singular minus a For third declension, it will be the second form from the vocabulary listing minus is. Add ior for masculine and feminine; add ius for neuter. This will make the two nominative singular forms.

DECLINING COMPARATIVES p. 80
Once you have added ior, ius, the new comparative adjective becomes a third declension adjective regardless of how it started. Altus alta altum positive st and 2nd Altior, altius comparative 3rd

Declining Comparatives p. 80
To decline your new comparative, leave the ior on all forms except the neuter nominative singular and the neuter accusative singular for which you will use the ius form. The new ior is the new base. This is your sign that the adjective is comparative. Add third declension noun endings to make the comparative agree with its noun in gender, number, and case.

Comparative endings p. 80 Masculine and feminine Nom ior iores
Gen ioris iorum Dat iori ioribus Acc iorem iores Abl iore ioribus Neuter Nom ius iora Gen ioris iorum Dat iori ioribus Acc ius iora Abl iore ioribus

Examples p. 80 (Remember there are alternate translations)
Servus altior vinum bibit. (masc. Nom. sing.) The taller slave drank the wine.. Amicus altioris servi quoque vinum bibit.(masc. Gen . Sing.) The friend of the taller slave also drank wine. Amicus altiori servo cibum dedit.(masc dat sing) The friend gave food to the taller slave.

Examples p. 80 Ancilla altiorem servum maluit. (masc. Acc. Sing.)
The slavegirl preferred the taller slave. Ancilla e popina cum altiore servo discessit.(masc. Abl. Sing.) The slavegirl left the bar with the taller slave. (Why don’t the adjective and noun have the same endings if they agree?)

Superlatives p. 81 The superlative is the highest degree. It will be a very long word. It can be translated by: Adding est altissimus tallest Adding very altissimus very tall Adding most altissimus most tall Use proper English when translating; goodest is not a word.

Forming Superlatives p. 81
For most adjectives, form the superlative by adding issim plus first and second declension endings. All superlative adjectives are now first and second declension. Altissimus,-a, -um tallest Brevissimus,-a, -um shortest

Declension of superlatives Singular p. 81
Masc fem neuter issimus issima issimum nom sing issimi issimae issimi gen sing issimo issimae issimo dat sing issimum issimam issimum acc sing issimo issima* issimo abl sing

Declension of Superlatives Plural p. 81
Masc fem neut issimi issimae issima nom pl issimorum issimarum issimorum gen. Pl issimis issimis issimis dat pl issimos issimas issima acc pl issimis issimis issimis abl pl

Er Superlatives p. 81 Some adjectives for which either the nominative singular or the base ends with er will not use the issim; instead you will add rim (effectively doubling the r which you should roll when you say it) plus first and second declension endings Pulcherrimus, -a, -um most beautiful Celerrimus, -a, -um fastest

Examples p. 81 Olivia est pulcherrima puella.
Olivia is the most beautiful girl. Fem. Nom. Sing Pueri pulcherrimas puellas spectare amant. The boys love to watch the most beautiful girls. Fem .acc. Pl.

Double L superlatives p. 81
A small group (six) of adjectives whose base ends in il will use limus (effectively doubling the l which you should trill) to form their superlatives. These adjectives are: Facilis facillimus, -a, -um easiest Difficilis difficillimus, -a, -um most difficult Similis simillimus, -a, -um most similar Dissimilis dissimillimus, -a,-um most different Gracilis gracillimus, -a, -um most slender Humilis humillimus, -a, -um most humble

The Irregulars p. 81 Changing degree usually follows the patterns described, making the words progressively longer and more impressive as the degree increases. However, just like in English, many words have irregular degree. We don’t say bad, badder, baddest; instead we say bad, worse, worst. Good doesn’t become gooder, then goodest; instead we use good, better, best.

Irregulars p. 81 Memorize the following irregulars:
Bonus melior, melius optimus Malus peior, peius pessimus Magnus maior, maius maximus Parvus minor, minus minimus Multus *plus/ plures, plura plurimus *neuter substantive

Special grammar structures with degree p. 82
The superlative is frequently used with a partitive genitive or genitive of the whole. Olivia est pulcherrima puella omnium. Olivia is the most beautiful girl of all.

Using quam with comparatives p. 82
When comparing two things with quam: The two objects must be in the same case. Quam means than Flavia est pulchrior quam Cornelia. Both are nominitive. Quam links the two as than

Ablative of Comparison p. 82
When using an ablative of comparison, the first item must be either nominative or accusative. The second item is ablative without a preposition. Flavia est pulchrior Cornelia*. Flavia is prettier than Cornelia.

Ablative of Degree of Difference p. 82
Used to show how much of a comparison in reference to the comparative adjective. ( functions somewhat like an adverb) Multo much Paulo a little No preposition is used. Nostri milites sunt multo fortiores illis militibus. Our soldiers are much more brave than those soldiers.

FRIENDLY, EASIER TO GET ALONG WITH, IMPOSSIBLE TO DECLINE
ADVERBS p. 79 FRIENDLY, EASIER TO GET ALONG WITH, IMPOSSIBLE TO DECLINE

ADVERBS p. 79 Adverbs modify verbs, ( adverb = to the verb), adjectives, and other adverbs. They limit these words. When? How? To what extent? He walks quickly. Ambulat celeriter.

Adverbs p. 79 Adverbs agree automatically. They cannot be declined; just put them in the sentence where you need them. Many adverbs are independently made (not made from another word) such as mox, hodie, cras etc. Others are made from adjectives in their positive form.

Degree of adverbs : Positive p. 79
The positive adverb is made one of two ways: 1st and 2nd dec adjectives = remove a from feminine nominative singular and add e latus lata, latum wide late widely 3rd dec usually add er, ter, or iter brevis, breve short breviter shortly

Degree of adverbs: Comparative p. 79
The second degree or comparative is formed by using the neuter comparative adjective (ius). Just check to be certain it is not modifying a neuter noun. Translate with more. Pugnavit gravius. He fought more seriously. Adverb in comparative degree Hoc est gravius bellum. This is a more serious war. Adjective modifying the neuter noun bellum

Superlative adverbs p. 79 Change the “us” to an “e” on the superlative adjectives Latissimus = latissime Widest = most widely When used with “quam”, translate “as ______ as possible” Quam latissime as quickly as possible

What they are, what they do, and how you make and use them
Participles p. 83 What they are, what they do, and how you make and use them

What is a participle? P. 83 Verbal adjective
A hybrid-type adjective built from a verb As an adjective, it describes a noun or pronoun and must agree in gender, number, and case The captured slaves were going to the arena for the lions. Captured tells you which slaves and must agree with slaves in gender, number, and case. In this sentence it would be masculine, nominative plural. Capti servi ad arenam leonibus ibant.

Participles Definition continued p. 83
As a verb, a participle retains the idea of an action. Capti servi ad arenam leonibus ibant. Multi servi ad arenam leonibus ibant. Captured is something you can do as opposed to many. You cannot many.

Verbal qualities of Participles: Tense p. 83
As a verb, a participle has tense. Participles come in three tenses: Perfect, Present, and Future The tense of the participle is relative to the main verb: Same time present After future Before perfect Examples Milites perdentes urbem vincerunt proelium. Milites reliquerunt urbem perditam a militibus. Milites oppugnaverunt perdituri urbem.

Participle Tenses p. 83 Perfect happens before the main verb
The lions ate the captured slaves. Leones captos servos consumpserunt. The slaves had already been captured before the lions ate them. Present happens at the same time as the main verb. The lions were chasing the fleeing slaves. Leones fugientes servos agitabant. The lions were chasing the slaves as they were fleeing

Participle Tenses p. 83 Future happens after the main verb.
Intending to escape, the slave pushed his friend toward the lion. Fugiturus servus amicum suum ad leonem propulit. The slave pushed his friend to the lion as a distraction so that he could escape while the lion was munching on his friend.

Verbal Qualities of Participles: Voice p. 83
As a verb, a participle has voice (active or passive). Present participles are active. The modified noun does the participle. The screaming slave ran from the lion. Clamans servus effugit e leone. The slave is being described by clamans and he is the one doing the clamans. Perfect participles are passive. The modified noun receives the participle and is frequently accompanied by an ablative of personal agent or an ablative of means. The slave having been attacked by the lion screamed loudly. Servus oppugnatus a leone vehementer clamavit. The slave is being described by oppugnatus but the lion is actually doing the oppugnatus.

p. 83 Perfect active participles
Future participles are active. The modified noun does the participle. The lion intending to eat the slave attacked ferociously. Leo comsumpturus servum ferociter petivit. The lion is being described by consumpturus and in the near future will be doing consumpturus. Perfect active participles Only exists for deponent verbs Will look like a perfect passive but will translate actively Will not be used with ablative of personal agent or means Examples Ingressus arenam, leo Christianum consumpsit. Having entered the arena, the lion ate the Christian.

Verbal Qualities of Participles p. 83
As a verb, the participle ( present and future) can take an object. Intending to eat the slave, the lion attacked. Consumpturus servum, leo oppugnavit. Servum is the object of consumpturus.

Verbal qualities of participles: objects p. 83
As a verb, the participle ( present and future) can take an object. Intending to eat the slave, the lion attacked. Consumpturus servum, leo oppugnavit. Servum is the object of consumpturus. Consumpturus modifies leo and agree with leo.

Using participles p. 83 Participles work like any adjective, just a little bit fancier. However, under all circumstances, they like any adjective must agree with the modified noun in gender, number, and case The endings will not always match because of declensional differences, but the agreement must always be gender, number, and case

Present active Perfect passive Perfect active Future active
Forming participles Present active Perfect passive Perfect active Future active

Present Active Participles p. 84
Begin with the infinitive Remove RE for most verbs Add NS, NTIS for the nominative singular and genitive singular Decline as 3rd declension adjective except ablative singular can be I or E Base =genitive singular minus is Translation : ----ing, while ----ling

Base for present participle p. 84
1st conjugation (are) remove “re” 2nd conjugation (ḗre) remove “re” 3rd conjugation (ere) remove “re” 3rd io ( io, -ere) remove “ere” add “ie” 4th conjugation (ire) remove “re” add “e”

Present active participle sample p. 84
Masculine and feminine NS NTES NTIS NTIUM NTI NTIBUS NTEM NTES NTE Loving, while loving Neuter NS NTIA NTIS NTIUM NTI NTIBUS NTE Loving, while loving

PERFECT PASSIVE PARTICIPLE p. 85
Already made for you Fourth principal part of the verb Amo, amare, amavi, amatus Base = fourth principal part minus us Decline using first and second declension endings Masculine second declension Feminine first declension Neuter second declension neuter TRANSLATION: HAVING BEEN ___ED, _____ED, AFTER BEING _____ED

Perfect passive participle sample p. 85 singular
Masculine feminine neuter Amatus amata amatum Amati amatae amati Amato amatae amato Amatum amatam amatum Amato amata amato Having been loved, loved, after being loved

Perfect passive participle sample plural p. 85
Masculine feminine neuter Amati amatae amata Amatorum amatarum amatorum Amatis amatis amatis Amatos amatas amatis

Perfect active participle Formation p. 84
Already made for you Only for deponent verbs Third principal part of the deponent verbs Base = third principal part minus us Sequor, sequi, secutus sum = secut Decline like perfect passive, just translate actively Having followed secutus TRANSLATION: HAVING -----ED, AFTER _____ING

Future active participle formation p. 86
Begin with the perfect passive participle or 4th principal part ( Use the third principal part for a deponent) Remove us Add ur Add first declension for feminine, 2nd masculine for masculine, 2nd neuter for neuter

FUTURE ACTIVE PARTICIPLE
TRANSLATION: ABOUT TO _____, INTENDING TO ______, GOING TO _____

FUTURE ACTIVE PARTICIPLE MASCULINE p. 86
SINGULAR AMATURUS AMATURI AMATURO AMATURUM PLURAL AMATURI AMATURORUM AMATURIS AMATUROS

FUTURE ACTIVE PARTICIPLE FEMININE p. 86
SINGULAR AMATURA AMATURAE AMATURAM PLURAL AMATURAE AMATURARUM AMATURIS AMATURAS

FUTURE ACTIVE PARTICIPLE NEUTER p. 86
SINGULAR AMATURUM AMATURI AMATURO PLURAL AMATURA AMATURORUM AMATURIS

Ablative Absolute p.87 Two words in the ablative which establish conditions for the main clause but are not grammatically connected to any word of the main clause. Can be: Noun and participle Two nouns Noun and adjective

Ablative Absolute p. 87 The ablative absolute is a very commonly used construction with a participle. It allows you to combine two thoughts concisely. Urbe perdita, milites iter faciebant ad castra. Discipulo dormiente, magister erat irata.

Rhetorical Techniques p. 90-91
Alliteration: repetition of the initial sound of a word for emphasis Porcum parvulum portat. He ports a petite pig. Anaphora: repetition of a word for rhetorical effect Tenet rectum cursum recta gubernaculo Asyndeton: omission of conjunctions in a list to emphasis the size of the list concursabant servi milites viri pueri mulieres Slaves, soldiers, men, boys, women were running around.

p Polysyndeton: inclusion of extra conjunctions to emphasize a list Emi vinum et porcum et mala et piros. I bought wine and pork and apples and pears. Historical present: switch from past tense to present tense to make the reader feel like the action is more immediate and compelling

How to translate a Latin Sentence and remain sane
p. 92

The Process p. 92 1. Read the whole sentence in Latin. If it clicks, consider yourself blessed. If not, start taking it apart like you would a math problem. 2. Always keep your sentence in context of the passage. Reread the previous sentence before you start. IT HAS TO MAKE SENSE! Make predictions in your mind about what that sentence might say.

p 3. Find the verb/verbs. This tells you how many clauses you have. Three basic types of clauses: Subject linking verb predicate nominative Subject action verb direct object Subject passive verbs ablative

Figure out which kind of verb you have.
Linking verb some form of sum Action/active verb One form Ends with o/m/s/t/mus/tis/nt

could be one form or two part verb r/ris/tur/mur/mini/ntur
Passive Verb could be one form or two part verb r/ris/tur/mur/mini/ntur us,a, um /i,ae,a plus some form of sum

Pattern One: SLVPN Linking verb: Figure out the subject:
o/m I S you T he, she, it or a nominative singular Mus we Tis you pl Nt they or a plural nominative Find the predicate nominative which will be in the nominative case and will rename the subject; sometimes you will have a predicate adjective to describe your subject.

Examples Elephanti sunt ingentes. Elephanti erant arma Hannibalis.
Sunt is a linking verb; Ends with nt; therefore the subject must be either THEY or a NOMINATIVE PLURAL The elephants are Is there a word in the nominative that either renames or describes the subject The elephants are huge. Elephanti erant arma Hannibalis. Elephanti subject Arma predicate nominative Hannibalis genitive modifier

Pattern two: action verb
Figure out your subject: o/m I S you T he,she, it nominative singular Mus we Tis you pl Nt they nominative plural Then you know who is doing the verb. Then look for the accusative to receive the verb.

Examples Stultus puer puellam pulsat. Puella stultum puerum pulsat.
Pulsat action verb Ends with t: nominative singular subject Puer pulsat The boy hits Puellam = accusative The boy hits the girl. Puella stultum puerum pulsat. Pulsat hits Puella girl nominative singular Puerum acc The girl hits the stupid boy.

Pattern 3: Passive Verbs
Two part verbs are easier; the endings on the first part tells you the gender of the subject R= I Ris = you Tur = he, she, it or nominative singular Mur = we Mini= you pl Ntur= they or nominative plural Then look for the ablative to show who or what does the verb

Examples Puella pulsata est a puero. Pulsata est she was hit
Puella nominative singular The girl was hit A puero ablative of personal agent The girl was hit by the boy.

Mea filia est disciplinus.
My daughter is a student. Mea filia terram studet. Me filia est disciplinus quae terram studet.

What do I do with all those other words?
Translate using the Socratic method. Ask yourself questions. Whose? Genitive To whom/for whom dative What kind? Genitive, adjective, ablative How? Ablative Why? Ablative, dative When? Ablative Where? Ablative How far? Accusative

To where? Accusative From where? Ablative How much? Ablative, genitive

LATIN GRAMMAR NOTEBOOK

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