2. Background 2 of the 6 kingdoms encompass all prokaryotic cells –Have no nucleus –No membrane bound organelles –Circular DNA (plasmid) –Reproduce sexually and asexually –Examples: Archaebacteria Eubacteria

3. In 1970 Carl Woese and his team of scientists found out that not all bacteria was closely related in fact they needed to be divided into different groups. Bacteria and Archae. There are 3 domains that encompass all organisms. 1.Bacteria 2.Archaea 3.Eukarya

4. 5 common characteristics used for comparison among living organisms: Cell type – prokaryotic vs eukaryotic Cell wall – make-up Body type – unicellular vs. multicellular Nutrition – autotrophic vs. heterotrophic Reproduction – sexual vs. asexual

5. The Domain Archaea “ancient” bacteria Some of the first archaebacteria were discovered in Yellowstone National Park’s hot springs and geysers.

6. Basic Facts They live in extreme environments –hot springs or salty lakes) and normal environments (like soil and ocean water). All are unicellular No peptidoglycan in their cell wall. Extremophiles The Cell Walls, Cell Membranes, and Ribosomal RNA are different from those of other BACTERIA.

7. Extremophiles Don’t need oxygen to survive They can produce ATP (energy) from sunlight They can survive enormous temperature extremes They can survive high doses of radiation (radioactivity) They can survive under rocks and in ocean floor vents deep below the ocean’s surface They can tolerate huge pressure differences

8. Methanogens Archaebacteria Types Extreme Halophiles Thermoacidophiles Hot springs sewage Great salt lakes

9. Methanogens They release methane (CH 4 ) as a waste product Live in anoxic conditions Areas of water that lack dissolved oxygen –Wetlands, swamps Digestive tract of animals or humans responsible for the gas emitted via belch

10. Thermoacidophiles Live in the dark Live without oxygen Like temperature and pH extremes –Temps as high as 110ºC (230ºF) –Temps as low as 1ºC –Acidic pH 2 –Alkali pH 9 Chemoautotrophs Thermo = temperature Acidophil = acid loving

11. Other thermoacidophiles like to live in hot springs or geysers. Hot springs are pools of hot water that have moved toward earth's surface. The source of their heat is the hot magma beneath and they can reach temperatures as high as 400 degrees Fahrenheit

12. In extreme temperatures and pressures, this is where some thermoacidophiles like to live. Black Smokers

13. http://www.nps.gov/archive/yell/oldfaithfulcam.htm Old Faithful erupts more frequently than any of the other big geysers. Its average interval between eruptions is about 91 minutes. An eruption lasts 1 1/2 to 5 minutes, expels 3,700 - 8,400 gallons of boiling water, and reaches heights of 106 - 184 feet.

14. Halophiles Can live in water with salt concentrations exceeding 15% –The ocean’s concentration is roughly 4% Live in Great Salt Lake, Dead Sea and evaporated Halo = salt phil = loving The Great Salt Lake in Utah

15. Great Salt Lake is actually three to five times saltier than the ocean. Every year, members of the salt industry extract about 2.5 million tons of sodium chloride from the lake. The Great Salt Lake has no fish.

16. Bacteria and archaea have similar structures. flagellum pili plasmid cell wall chromosome plasma membrance This diagram shows the typical structure of a prokaryote. Archaea and bacteria look very similar, although they have important molecular differences. –plasmid –flagellum –pili Kingdom Eubacteria “true bacteria”

17. Bacteria commonly come in three forms. Lactobacilli: rod-shapedSpirochaeta: spiralEnterococci: spherical Archaea have many shapes. –rod-shaped, called bacilli – spherical, called cocci –spiral, called spirilla or spirochetes

18. Obtaining Energy Most scientists classify bacteria based on how they obtain energy: Photosynthesizers- use sunlight to produce their own food/energy Chemoautotrophs- breakdown chemicals in the soils for food/energy Heterotrophs- eat/digest other organisms for food/energy

19. REPRODUCTION 1.Asexual – binary fission (single cell splits into 2 identical new cells) 2.Sexual – conjugation – trading DNA conjugation bridge TEM; magnification 6000x

20. Gram staining identifies bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria have a thin layer of peptidoglycan and stain red. Gram-positive bacteria have a thicker peptidoglycan layer and stain purple. –stains polymer peptidoglycan –gram-positive stains purple, more peptidoglycan –gram-negative stains pink, less peptidoglycan GRAM NEGATIVEGRAM POSITIVE

21. Prokaryotes provide nutrients to humans and other animals. Prokaryotes live in digestive systems of animals. –make vitamins –break down food –fill niches Bacteria help ferment many foods –yogurt, cheese –pickles, sauerkraut –soy sauce, vinegar

22. Prokaryotes play important roles in ecosystems. Prokaryotes have many functions in ecosystems. –photosynthesize –recycle carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, sulfur –fix nitrogen –Bacteria can be used in mines to breakdown the surrounding rock and leave behind the useful ore/metal. –Used to breakdown chemical/oil spills

23. Bacteria are harmful in two ways: 1.#1 - Bacteria can metabolize their host by using different parts of the body as their food source. Tuberculosis is a less common bacterial infection that attacks the lungs of humans. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the bacteria that uses the lung tissue as a food source. The warm, moist environment allows the bacteria to reproduce and populate the lungs.

24. #2 - Bacteria cause disease by secreting chemical compounds called toxins into their environment. Humans are most affected when food is not properly prepared. Food poisoning is the common name given to people who get severely sick after eating something that wasn’t cooked well.

25. Antibiotics In 1928, Alexander Fleming noticed a fungus growing on a Petri plate that was growing bacteria. –He saw that the bacteria did not grow near the fungus. –He concluded that the fungus was secreting a substance that killed the bacteria. He later called the secretion penicillin. –Penicillin is one of many medicines that help fight bacterial infections.