1. Fundamentals of Information Systems Dr. Hanan Moussa

2. Fundamentals of IS – Part 1 Introduction Introduction Components of IS Components of IS Types of IS Types of IS IS Development Methodologies IS Development Methodologies

3. Introduction What is Information Systems What is Information Systems How is IS different from other disciplines How is IS different from other disciplines CS CS IT IT SE SE Importance of IS in business Importance of IS in business

4. What is an Information System It is an integrated set of components for collecting, storing, processing, and communicating information. It is an integrated set of components for collecting, storing, processing, and communicating information.information

5. What is the Importance of IS All organizations, rely on information systems to manage their operations, compete in the marketplace, supply services, and interacts with their personal lives. All organizations, rely on information systems to manage their operations, compete in the marketplace, supply services, and interacts with their personal lives. For example: For example: Modern corporations rely on computerized information systems to process financial accounts and manage human resources; Modern corporations rely on computerized information systems to process financial accounts and manage human resources; Governments rely on information systems to provide basic services to its citizens; Governments rely on information systems to provide basic services to its citizens; Individuals use information systems to study, shop, bank, and invest. Individuals use information systems to study, shop, bank, and invest.

6. How is IS Different from other Disciplines Computer Science Computer Science Information Technology Information Technology Software Engineering Software Engineering

7. Computer Science It is the study of: It is the study of: the theoretical foundations of information and the theoretical foundations of information andinformation computation, and computation, and computation practical techniques for their implementation and application in computer systems. practical techniques for their implementation and application in computer systems.computer It is frequently described as the systematic study of algorithmic processes that create, describe, and transform information. It is frequently described as the systematic study of algorithmic processes that create, describe, and transform information.algorithmic Computer science has many sub-fields: Computer science has many sub-fields:sub-fields Computer graphics Computer graphics Programming Skills Programming Skills Software Engineering Software Engineering Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence Computer Architecture Computer Architecture Computer Security, Computer Security, Web technology Web technology

8. Information technology It is the study, science, and solution sets for all aspects of Data, Information and Knowledge management and/or processing. It is the study, science, and solution sets for all aspects of Data, Information and Knowledge management and/or processing.

9. Software Engineering The application of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach to the development, operation, and maintenance of software, and the study of these approaches; that is, the application of engineering to software The application of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach to the development, operation, and maintenance of software, and the study of these approaches; that is, the application of engineering to softwaresoftware engineeringsoftware engineering It is a profession dedicated to designing, implementing, and modifying software so that it is of higher quality, more affordable, maintainable, and faster to build. It is a profession dedicated to designing, implementing, and modifying software so that it is of higher quality, more affordable, maintainable, and faster to build.professionsoftwareprofessionsoftware

10. Components of IS

11. Hardware Hardware Software Software Network Network Data/Information Data/Information People People Processes/Procedures/Policies Processes/Procedures/Policies

12. Components of IS – cont. Hardware Hardware The term hardware refers to machinery. The term hardware refers to machinery. This category includes the computer itself, which is often referred to as the central processing unit (CPU), and all of its support equipments. This category includes the computer itself, which is often referred to as the central processing unit (CPU), and all of its support equipments. Among the support equipments are input and output devices, storage devices and communications devices. Among the support equipments are input and output devices, storage devices and communications devices.

13. Components of IS – cont. Software Software Application SW Application SW System SW System SW Middleware Middleware

14. Components of IS – cont. Network A telecommunications network is a collection of terminals, links and nodes which connect together to enable telecommunication between users of the terminals. A telecommunications network is a collection of terminals, links and nodes which connect together to enable telecommunication between users of the terminals. terminalslinksnodestelecommunication terminalslinksnodestelecommunication Components Components Terminals Terminals Processors Processors Channels Channels Environment Environment Control software Control software

15. Components of IS – cont. Data/Information Data/Information Data are facts that are used by programs to produce useful information. Data are facts that are used by programs to produce useful information. For example: programs, data are generally stored in machine-readable form on disk or tape until the computer needs them. For example: programs, data are generally stored in machine-readable form on disk or tape until the computer needs them.

16. Components of IS – cont. data information Understanding relations knowledge Understanding Patterns Wisdom Understanding Principles Understandin g Context

17. Data to Wisdom DIKW data information Who, what, When, where ? knowledge How ? Wisdom Why ? Understanding Context

18. From Data to Wisdom DIKW

19. Components of IS – cont. People People Often the most over-looked element of the IS are the people, probably the component that most influence the success or failure of information systems. Often the most over-looked element of the IS are the people, probably the component that most influence the success or failure of information systems.

20. Process/Procedure/Policies Process/Procedure/Policies A process defines standards and guidelines, and work instructions. A process includes roles, responsibilities, tools and management controls required to deliver the outputs. A process defines who is doing what and why, and how to reach a certain goal. A process defines who is doing what and why, and how to reach a certain goal. Components of IS – cont.

21. Description of a process Description of a process Description of the process: What Description of the process: What Goal/objective of the process: Why Goal/objective of the process: Why Steps to perform the process: How Steps to perform the process: How Main Actors of the process: Who Main Actors of the process: Who

22. RACI Authority Matrix Responsible: person or people responsible for the correct execution of the process and its activities, i.e. getting the job done Accountable: ownership of process end result - Only one person can be accountable for a process Consulted: people involved through input of knowledge and information Informed: people who are kept up to date about process execution and quality

23. Example for a Recruitment Process Objective: Ensure precise selection of resources, to enable achievement of the company's business goals.

24. Example for a Recruitment Process

25. Example for Student Registration Process Objective: Ensure student registration, to enable achievement of both the university and student goals.

26. Example for Student Registration Process

27. Types of IS

28. 1. Transaction Processing 2. Management Information Systems 3. Decision Support Systems 4. Communication Systems 5. Enterprise Systems 6. Office Automation Systems 7. Function Area Related Systems

29. Types of IS – cont.

30. Transaction Processing Transaction Processing Batch Batch Real-time Real-time

31. Types of IS – cont. Management Information Systems Management Information Systems They provide information to managers of an organization. They provide information to managers of an organization. This relates to reports, statistics, stock inventories, payroll details, budgets or any other details that assist managers with running an organization. This relates to reports, statistics, stock inventories, payroll details, budgets or any other details that assist managers with running an organization.

32. Types of IS – cont. Decision Support Systems Decision Support Systems Simulation: create a mathematical model of a situation to help explore alternate paths for real situations. Simulation: create a mathematical model of a situation to help explore alternate paths for real situations. Data mining: using statistical techniques to analyze business results and find hidden relationships. Data mining: using statistical techniques to analyze business results and find hidden relationships. Expert systems: summarize an expert’s view of an area knowledge in terms of facts and rules to apply them to a particular situations to help someone else to decide what to do. Expert systems: summarize an expert’s view of an area knowledge in terms of facts and rules to apply them to a particular situations to help someone else to decide what to do. Case-based reasoning: a database of examples that helps in decision making Case-based reasoning: a database of examples that helps in decision making

33. Types of IS – cont. Communication Systems Communication Systems Teleconferencing Teleconferencing E-mail, voice mail, fax E-mail, voice mail, fax Instant messaging Instant messaging Groupware Groupware Knowledge management Knowledge management

34. Types of IS – cont. Enterprise Systems / Enterprise Resource Planning Enterprise Systems / Enterprise Resource Planning Its purpose is to facilitate the flow of information between all business functions inside the boundaries of the organization and manage the connections to outside stakeholders. Its purpose is to facilitate the flow of information between all business functions inside the boundaries of the organization and manage the connections to outside stakeholders. It is used to manage internal and external resources, including tangible assets, financial resources, materials, and human resources. It is used to manage internal and external resources, including tangible assets, financial resources, materials, and human resources. Financial Financial Human Resources Human Resources Purchases Purchases Inventory Inventory Built on a centralized database and normally utilizing a common computing platform, ERP systems consolidate all business operations into a uniform and enterprise-wide system environment. Built on a centralized database and normally utilizing a common computing platform, ERP systems consolidate all business operations into a uniform and enterprise-wide system environment.

35. Types of IS – cont. Office Automation Office Automation Word processing Word processing Spreadsheets Spreadsheets Presentation packages Presentation packages Personal databases Personal databases Image processing Image processing

36. Types of IS – cont. Functional Area-Related Systems Functional Area-Related Systems Product Design Systems Product Design Systems Manufacturing Systems Manufacturing Systems Sales & Marketing Systems Sales & Marketing Systems Finance Systems Finance Systems Supply Chain Systems Supply Chain Systems

37. IS Methodologies

38. Systems Development Life Cycle - SDLC Planning Planning define the system to be developed define the system to be developed Set the project scope Set the project scope Develop project plan including tasks, resources, and timeframes Develop project plan including tasks, resources, and timeframes Analysis Analysis Gather the business requirements for the system Gather the business requirements for the system Design Design Design the technical architecture required to support the system Design the technical architecture required to support the system Write the test cases Write the test cases Design system models Design system models Development Development Build the technical architecture Build the technical architecture Build the database and programs Build the database and programs Testing Testing Perform the testing of the system Perform the testing of the system Implementation Implementation Install system Install system Write detailed user documentation Write detailed user documentation Provide training for system users Provide training for system users Maintenance Maintenance Build a help desk to support the system users Build a help desk to support the system users Provide an environment to support system changes Provide an environment to support system changes