1. Trace Minerals

2. Trace Minerals
Trace minerals are needed in very small quantities in the human body.
They perform many essential functions important to health.
Toxic levels can easily be reached with the use of supplements.

3. Iron (Fe) Functions Utilization of energy in cell metabolism
Part of the protein hemoglobin which carries oxygen in the blood
Part of the protein myoglobin in the muscles which makes oxygen available for muscle contractions

4. Iron Deficiency Iron Deficiency Anemia
The most common nutrition deficiency worldwide

5. Vulnerable Stages of Life
Women in reproductive years due to menstruation
Pregnant women due to the needs of the infant, increases in blood volume, and loss of blood during the birthing process
Infants and young children and teenagers due to rapid growth

6. Iron Iron Deficiency Iron Deficiency and Anemia
Symptoms include fatigue,
weakness,
headaches, apathy,
pallor
poor resistance to cold temperatures.

8. Iron Deficiency and Pica
Generally found in women and children from low-income groups
Eating ice, clay, paste, and other nonfood substances
Eating nonfood substances will not correct the deficiency.

9. Iron Toxicity Iron Overload
Hemochromatosis is generally a genetic disorder that enhances iron absorption.
Iron overload can also be caused by:
-Repeated blood transfusions
- Massive doses of supplemental iron
- Rare metabolic disorders

10. Symptoms of iron overload include:
apathy, lethargy, and fatigue.
Problems include:
liver tissue damage and infections.
Higher risk of:
diabetes,
liver cancer,
heart disease,
arthritis

11. Iron Food Sources Heme Sources Non-heme Sources
(Blood) better absorbed
Liver
Beef
Pork
Poultry
Non-heme Sources
Less absorbed
Plant and animal- derived foods
Dried beans
Prunes
Apricots
spinach

13. Factors Affecting Absorption
Ferritin Level
Determines the amount of iron that is absorbed
Phytates and fibers from legumes, grains, and rice
Vegetable proteins in soybeans, legumes, and nuts
Calcium in milk
Tannic acid and other polyphenols in tea, coffee, grains, oregano, and red wine

14. Highlights Cooking in iron pots increase iron content of food
Vitamin C increases absorption
Best absorbable form is Ferrous (Fe++)
Ferric (Fe+++) not well absorbed

15. Zinc (Zn) Functions Necessary for energy metabolism
Necessary component of insulin
Required for the activation of many enzymes
Essential fatty acid metabolism
Necessary component of sperm
Necessary for fetal development and growth
Necessary for wound healing

16. Zinc Deficiencies Growth Failure Delayed sexual maturation
Slow wound healing
Loss of taste and appetite
Low birth weight

18. Zinc Toxicity Nausea, vomiting, weakness, fatigue
Increased blood lipids
Kidney failure
Altered immune system

20. Zinc food Sources Animal sources better absorbed Shellfish, meat
(all kinds)
Other protein foods
– milk, cheese
Grains
Nuts

21. Iodine Function Component of thyroid hormone
Regulates growth and energy
Deficiency
Goiter (adults)
Cretinism (children)
mental retardation
Growth failure
Hearing loss

23. Iodine Toxicity Sources Goiter-like symptoms Iodized salt Seafood
Bread and dairy products
Plants grown in iodine-rich soils
Animals that feed on plants grown in iodine-rich soils

24. Fluoride Fluoride Roles in the Body Formation of teeth and bones
Helps to make teeth resistant to decay
Deficiency
Tooth decay

25. (irreversible pitting and discoloration
Fluoride
Toxicity
Mottled teeth, fluorosis
Food sources
Fluoridated water, tea, seafood
(irreversible pitting and discoloration
of the teeth)

27. Phytochemicals and Functional Foods

28. The Phytochemicals “Chemicals of Life”
Vitamin-like substances recognized since the 1990s
Includes lutein (found in green leafy vegetables)
Lutein essential to prevent macular degeneration
Includes lycopene (found in tomatoes)
Lycopene controls prostate tumors
Estimated 100 phytochemicals yet to be identified

29. The Phytochemicals The phytochemicals give foods taste, aroma, color,
and other characteristics.

30. The Phytochemicals Defending against Cancer
Phytoestrogens mimic estrogen
Found in soybeans, legumes, flaxseeds, whole grains, fruits and vegetables
Antioxidant activity
Slow the growth of breast and prostrate cancer
Supplements may stimulate the growth of cancers that depend upon estrogen.

32. The Phytochemicals Defends against cancer
Lycopene (controls prostate tumors)
Inhibits growth of cancer cells
Defends against heart disease
Flavinoids
Prevents LDL oxidation

33. Functional Foods Foods as Pharmacy
Margarine enhanced with a phytosterol may lower cholesterol.
May be more useful in prevention and mild cases of disease.
Drugs are used for severe cases of disease.

34. Thank you for your attention!