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] Www/boundless.com/physiology?campaign_content=book _299_chapter_18&campaign_term=Physiology&utm_cam paign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source=bou ndless The Cardiovascular System The Heart Circulation and Heart Valves Cardiac Muscle Tissue Physiology of the Heart Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Exercise and the Heart

] Www/boundless.com/physiology?campaign_content=book _299_chapter_18&campaign_term=Physiology&utm_cam paign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source=bou ndless The Cardiovascular System (continued) Development of the Heart Heart Diseases, Disorders, Injury, and Clinical Cases Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Anatomy of the Heart Pericardium Layers of the Heart Walls Chambers of the Heart Great Vessels of the Heart Myocardial Thickness and Function Fibrous Skeleton of the Heart The Heart The Cardiovascular System > The Heart Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.www/boundless.com/physiology?campaign_content=book_299_chapter_18&campaign_term=Physiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_ medium=direct&utm_source=boundless

Heart Circulation Operation of Atrioventricular Valves Operation of Semilunar Valves Systemic and Pulmonary Circulation Circulation and Heart Valves The Cardiovascular System > Circulation and Heart Valves Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.www/boundless.com/physiology?campaign_content=book_299_chapter_18&campaign_term=Physiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_ medium=direct&utm_source=boundless

Microscopic Anatomy Mechanism and Contraction Events of Cardiac Muscle Fibers Energy Requirements Cardiac Muscle Tissue The Cardiovascular System > Cardiac Muscle Tissue Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.www/boundless.com/physiology?campaign_content=book_299_chapter_18&campaign_term=Physiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_ medium=direct&utm_source=boundless

Electrical Events Electrocardiogram and Correlation of ECG Waves with Systole Heart Sounds Cardiac Cycle Cardiac Output Physiology of the Heart The Cardiovascular System > Physiology of the Heart Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.www/boundless.com/physiology?campaign_content=book_299_chapter_18&campaign_term=Physiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_ medium=direct&utm_source=boundless

Effects of Exercise on the Heart Exercise and the Heart The Cardiovascular System > Exercise and the Heart Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.www/boundless.com/physiology?campaign_content=book_299_chapter_18&campaign_term=Physiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_ medium=direct&utm_source=boundless

Development of the Heart Aging and the Heart Heart Failure Development of the Heart The Cardiovascular System > Development of the Heart Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.www/boundless.com/physiology?campaign_content=book_299_chapter_18&campaign_term=Physiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_ medium=direct&utm_source=boundless

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) Pericarditis Myocarditis and Endocarditis Heart Valve Disorders Myocardial Ischemia and Infarction Artificial Pacemakers Heart Murmurs Congestive Heart Failure Coronary Artery Disease Congenital Heart Defects Arrhythmia Heart Diseases, Disorders, Injury, and Clinical Cases The Cardiovascular System > Heart Diseases, Disorders, Injury, and Clinical... Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.www/boundless.com/physiology?campaign_content=book_299_chapter_18&campaign_term=Physiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_ medium=direct&utm_source=boundless

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Appendix

Key terms aerobic exercise A process whereby one trains the heart and lungs to pump blood more efficiently, increasing delivery of oxygen to muscles and organs. Alveoli Air sacs in the lungs that provide the surface for gas exchange during respiration. anaerobic threshold The intensity at which the heart and lungs can no longer meet the demands of the working muscles and an oxygen debt begins to accrue resulting in an increased reliance on anaerobic energy production. angina pectoris intermittent crushing chest pain caused by reversible myocardial ischemia angiogenesis The formation and development of new blood vessels. angiography A medical imaging technique in which an x-ray image is taken to visualize the inside of blood vessels and organs of the body, with particular interest in the arteries, veins, and the heart chambers. angioplasty The mechanical widening of a narrowed or totally obstructed blood vessel generally caused by atheroma. aorta The great artery which carries the blood from the heart to all parts of the body except the lungs; the main trunk of the arterial system. aortic arches Also known as pharyngeal arch arteries, this is a series of six paired, embryological vascular structures which give rise to several major arteries. They are ventral to the dorsal aorta. aortic valve The tricuspid valve that lies between the left ventricle and the aorta. arrhythmia An irregular heartbeat. artificial pacemaker A medical device that uses electrical impulses, delivered by electrodes contacting the heart muscles, to regulate the beating of the heart. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

artificial respiration The manual or mechanical forcing of air into the lungs of a person who is not breathing in order to maintain life. atheromatous plaques An accumulation and swelling in artery walls made up of (mostly) macrophage cells, or debris, and contain lipids (cholesterol and fatty acids), calcium and a variable amount of fibrous connective tissue. atherosclerosis The clogging or hardening of arteries or blood vessels caused by plaques (accumulations of fatty deposits, usually cholesterol). atrioventricular node An area of specialized tissue between the atria and the ventricles of the heart which conducts the normal electrical impulse from the atria to the ventricles. Atrioventricular valves Separate the atria from the ventricles on each side of the heart and prevent backflow from the ventricles into the atria during systole. The tricuspid valve is the right heart valve, and has three leaflets. The mitral or bicuspid valve is the left heart valve, and has 2 leaflets. auscultation Diagnosis of disorders by listening to the sounds of the internal organs, usually using a stethoscope. automaticity The ability of the heart muscles to contract independently of each other when separated or in unison when reattached in whole or in groups. baroreceptor A nerve ending that is sensitive to changes in blood pressure. basal metabolic rate The amount of energy expended while at rest in a neutrally temperate environment, in the post-absorptive state. calcium-induced calcium release (CICR) A process whereby calcium can trigger release of further calcium from the muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum. Cardiac arrhythmia (irregular heartbeat) A large and heterogeneous group of conditions in which there is abnormal electrical activity in the heart. cardiac cycle The term used to describe the relaxation and contraction that occur as a heart works to pump blood through the body. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

cardiac output Cardiac output (Q or CO) is the volume of blood pumped by the heart each minute calculated as heart rate (HR) X (times) stroke volume (SV). cardiac output The volume of blood being pumped by the heart, in particular by a left or right ventricle in the time interval of one minute. cardiac skeleton the structure of dense connective tissue in the heart that separates the atria from the ventricles and consists of four dense bands of tough elastic tissue, called fibrous rings, that encircle the bases of the pulmonary trunk, aorta, and heart valves. cardiac tamponade A condition in which fluid accumulates in the pericardium. cardiomyocyte A cardiac muscle cell (or myocyte) in the heart. cardiopulmonary resuscitation A first aid procedure for cardiac arrest involving compression of the chest wall alternating with artificial respiration. collagen any of more than 28 types of glycoprotein that forms elongated fibers, usually found in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue. congestive heart failure A syndrome marked by weakness, edema, and shortness of breath, due to the inability of the heart to circulate the blood adequately to the lungs and other tissues. Coronary circulation The circulation of blood in the vessels of the heart muscle that deliver oxygen-rich blood to the myocardium. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

coronary sinus a collection of veins joined together to form a large vessel that collects blood from the heart muscle cyanosis A blue discoloration of the skin due to the circulation of blood low in oxygen. defibrillation The stopping of the fibrillation of the heart in order to restore normal contractions, especially by the use of an electric shock. diastole The relaxation and dilation of the heart chambers between contractions, during which they fill with blood. dub The second heart tone, or S2 (A2 and P2), "Dub" is caused by the closure of the aortic valve and pulmonic valve at the end of ventricular systole. echocardiography The use of ultrasound to produce images of the heart. electrocardiogram The visual output that an electrocardiograph produces. endocardium a thin serous membrane that lines the interior of the heart endothelial cell The cells that line the interior surface of blood and lymphatic vessels, forming an interface between circulating blood or lymph in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall. epicardium the layer of tissue between the pericardium and the heart Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

excitation contraction coupling (ECC) The physiological process of converting an electrical stimulus to a mechanical response. fibrous pericardium Composed of dense connective tissue which protects the heart, anchors it to the surrounding walls, and prevents the heart from overfilling with blood. fibrous rings four dense bands of tough elastic tissue that encircle the bases of the pulmonary trunk, aorta, and heart valves. fluoroscopy An imaging technique that uses X-rays to obtain real-time moving images of the internal structures of a patient through the use of a fluoroscope. gap junction A specialized connection between cells that allows for intercellular communication, or the transfer of low molecular-weight substances. heart A fist-sized muscular organ in the chest that pumps blood through the body using involuntary contractions of cardiac muscle. Heart murmurs Pathologic heart sounds that are produced as a result of turbulent flow of blood sufficient to produce audible noise. hypoplasia Underdevelopment or incomplete development of a tissue or organ, especially when caused by an inadequate or below-normal number of cells. inflammation A condition of any part of the body, consisting in congestion of the blood vessels, with obstruction of the blood current, and growth of morbid tissue. It is manifested outwardly by redness and swelling, attended with heat and pain. intercalated discs Complex adhering structures that connect single cardiac myocytes to an electrochemical syncytium and allow the muscle to act as a functional organ. ischemia Local disturbance in blood circulation due to mechanical obstruction of the blood supply, such as by a narrowed artery or clot. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

ischemia Local disturbance in blood circulation due to mechanical obstruction of the blood supply, such as by a narrowed artery or clot. lactate The anion of lactic acid. In animals, lactate is constantly produced from pyruvate via enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the process of fermentation that occurs during normal metabolism and exercise. long QT syndrome A heart disease in which there is an abnormally long delay between the electrical excitation (or depolarization) and relaxation (repolarization) of the ventricles of the heart. lub The first heart tone, or S1, "Lub" is caused by the closure of the atrioventricular valves, mitral and tricuspid, at the beginning of ventricular contraction, or systole. mitral valve the valve that divides the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart myocardial infarction Necrosis of heart muscle caused by an interruption to the supply of blood to the heart, often as a result of coronary thrombosis or artery occlusion. myocardial ischemia An imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. myocardium The middle of the three layers forming the wall of the heart. Associates with the nervous system and initiates cardiac contractions. myoglobin A small globular protein, containing a heme group, that carries oxygen to muscles. noradrenaline The compound noradrenaline (norepinephrine) is a derivative of the amino acid tyrosine (such compounds are also known as catecholamines) with multiple roles, including as a hormone and a neurotransmitter. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

pericarditis Inflammation of the pericardium, the membrane that surrounds the heart. pericardium A serous membrane that surrounds the heart allowing it to contract. pulmonary circulation The part of blood circulation which carries oxygen-depleted blood away from the heart, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart. pulmonary valve The semilunar valve of the heart that lies between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery and has three cusps. pulmonary vessels The major vessels that connect the heart and lungs. The pulmonary arteries bring deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. The pulmonary veins return oxygenated blood from the lungs to left atrium. pulsatile A flow with periodic variations. In the cardiovascular system, pulsatile flow refers to the variations in blood flow out of the heart due to the contraction and relaxation of the ventricles. pulse Pressure waves generated by the heart in systole move the arterial walls creating a palpable pressure wave felt by touch. pulse pressure Pulse pressure is the pressure that is felt when feeling the pulse. Measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg), the pressure difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is the pressure change to create the pulse, which is the pulse pressure. renin An circulating enzyme released by mammalian kidneys that converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin-I. Because its activity ultimately leads to formation of angiotensin-II and aldosterone, this hormone plays a role in maintaining blood pressure. sarcomere The basic contractile unit of contractile muscle, which contains myosin and actin, the two proteins that slide past one another to cause a muscle contraction. Semilunar valves Located at the base of both the trunk of the pulmonary artery and the aorta, and prevent backflow of blood from the arteries into the ventricles. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

serous pericardium Located deeper than the fibrous pericardium, it contains two layers, both of which function in lubricating the heart to prevent friction from occurring during heart activity. sinoatrial node The impulse-generating (pacemaker) tissue located in the right atrium of the heart, and thus the generator of normal sinus rhythm. It is a group of cells positioned on the wall of the right atrium, near the entrance of the superior vena cava. stenosis An abnormal narrowing or stricture in a blood vessel or other tubular organ. Subvalvular apparatus The papillary muscles and the chordae tendineae are known as the subvalvular apparatus. The paillary muscles, finger-like projections from the wall of the ventricle, connect to the chordate tendineae, tendons that anchor the valve to the heart wall, providing the tension for holding the valve in place and preventing the valves from prolapsing into the atria when they close. supraventricular tachycardia Any rapid heart rhythm originating at or above the atrioventricular node. syncytium A syncytium is a multinucleate cell that can result from multiple cell fusions of uninuclear cells. In cardiac muscle, syncytiums enable rapid coordinated contraction along the entire muscle. systemic circulation The part of blood circulation that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart, to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart. systole The rhythmic contraction of the heart, by which blood is driven through the arteries. T-tubule Deep invagination of the sarcolemma, which is the plasma membrane, only found in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells. tricuspid valve A heart valve with three cusps that prevent backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium. vasculogenesis The formation and development of the vascular system, including the formation of blood vessels from endothelial cells. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

venae cavae The two large vessels that bring deoxygenated blood from systemic circulation to the heart. The superior vena cava returns blood from the head, neck, thorax and both upper limbs to the right atrium of the heart. The inferior vena cava returns blood from the lower extremities, and the pelvic and abdominal organs, to the right atrium of the heart. ventricle One of two lower chambers of the heart. In higher vertebrates, the left ventricle receives arterial blood from the left atrium and pumps it into the aorta, and the right ventricle receives venous blood from the right atrium and pumps it into the pulmonary artery. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

Cross-section of a Artery with Atherosclerosis Deposition of fatty plaques in the lumen of the arteries can lead to blockages and clots. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "RCA atherosclerosis." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RCA_atherosclerosis.jpg View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RCA_atherosclerosis.jpgView on Boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

Systole Ventricular contraction following electrical discharge at the SA and AV nodes, forcing blood into the Aorta and Pulmonary Artery. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Heart systole." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Heart_systole.svg View on Boundless.comCC BY-SA 3.0http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Heart_systole.svgView on Boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

Acute myocardial infarction Image showing right coronary artery (RCA), left coronary artery (LCA) and a infarct (1) with necrotic or dead myocardium (2). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "AMI scheme." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AMI_scheme.png View on Boundless.comCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AMI_scheme.pngView on Boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

Aortic Valve Stenosis The center of the image shows an aortic valve with severe stenosis due to rheumatic heart disease. The aorta has been removed to show the thickened, fused aortic valve leaflets. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Aortic stenosis rheumatic, gross pathology 20G0014 lores." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aortic_stenosis_rheumatic,_gross_pathology_20G0014_lores.jpg View on Boundless.comPublic domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aortic_stenosis_rheumatic,_gross_pathology_20G0014_lores.jpgView on Boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

Fibrous Rings of the Heart Transverse section of the heart showing the fibrous rings surrounding the valves Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Gray495." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray495.png View on Boundless.comPublic domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray495.pngView on Boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

Artificial Pacemaker This artificial pacemaker, manufactured by St. Jude Medical, has an electrode for transvenous insertion. The body of the device is 3-4 centimeters long, and the electrode measures 50-60 centimeters. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "St Jude Medical pacemaker with ruler." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Jude_Medical_pacemaker_with_ruler.jpg View on Boundless.comCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Jude_Medical_pacemaker_with_ruler.jpgView on Boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

Pulmonary circuit Diagram of pulmonary circulation. Oxygen-rich blood is shown in red; oxygen-depleted blood in blue. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Illu pulmonary circuit." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illu_pulmonary_circuit.jpg View on Boundless.comPublic domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illu_pulmonary_circuit.jpgView on Boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

Angiogenesis Generates New Blood Vessels Blood vessel with an erythrocyte (red blood cell) within its lumen, endothelial cells forming its tunica intima or inner layer, and pericytes forming its tunica adventitia (outer layer). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Microvessel." CC BY http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Microvessel.jpg View on Boundless.comCC BYhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Microvessel.jpgView on Boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

Structure of the heart Structure diagram of a coronal section of the human heart from an anterior view. The two larger chambers are the ventricles. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Heart diagram-en." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heart_diagram-en.svg View on Boundless.comCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heart_diagram-en.svgView on Boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

The mammalian heart Chronic exercise results in increased pumping efficiency, a greater filling capacity and greater responsiveness of the heart to increased energy demands. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Diagram of the human heart (cropped)." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diagram_of_the_human_heart_(cropped).svg View on Boundless.comCC BY-SA 3.0http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diagram_of_the_human_heart_(cropped).svgView on Boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

Animation of a Normal ECG Wave The red lines represent the movement of the electrical signal through the heart. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "ECG principle slow." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ECG_principle_slow.gif View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ECG_principle_slow.gifView on Boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

Sliding Filament Model of Contraction Muscle fibers in relaxed (above) and contracted (below) positions Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Sarcomere." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sarcomere.svg View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sarcomere.svgView on Boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

Best location for auscultation of heart valves and murmurs This diagram depicts the front of the thorax and shows the surface relations of the bones, the lungs (purple), the pleura (blue), and the heart (red outline). The location of best auscultation (stethoscope placement) to hear each heart valve are labeled with "M", "T", "A", and "P". The first heart sound is caused by the atrioventricular valves--Mitral (M) and Tricuspid (T)--and the second heart sound is caused by the semilunar valves--Aortic (A) and Pulmonary/Pulmonic (P). Heart murmurs are often the result of leaky valves. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Gray1216 modern locations." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray1216_modern_locations.svg View on Boundless.comPublic domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray1216_modern_locations.svgView on Boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

ECG 12 lead ECG. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "ECGcolor." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ECGcolor.svg View on Boundless.comPublic domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ECGcolor.svgView on Boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

The Heart Wall The wall of the heart is composed of three layers, the thin outer epicardium, the thick middle myocardium, and the very thin inner endocardium. The dark area on the heart wall in damage from a previous myocardial infarction (heart attack). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Heart ant wall infarction." CC BY http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Heart_ant_wall_infarction.jpg View on Boundless.comCC BYhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Heart_ant_wall_infarction.jpgView on Boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

The Systemic Circuit The venae cavae and the aorta form the systemic circuit, which circulates blood to the head, extremities and abdomen. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Illu systemic circuit." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Illu_systemic_circuit.svg View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Illu_systemic_circuit.svgView on Boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

Myoglobin The heme component of myoglobin, shown in orange, binds oxygen. Myoglobin provides a back-up store of oxygen to muscle cells. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Myoglobin and heme." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Myoglobin_and_heme.png View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Myoglobin_and_heme.pngView on Boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

Fluoroscopy of Pacemaker Leads Right atrial and right ventricular leads as visualized under fluoroscopy during a pacemaker implant procedure. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Fluoroscopy pacemaker leads right atrium ventricle." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fluoroscopy_pacemaker_leads_right_atrium_ventricle.png View on Boundless.comCC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fluoroscopy_pacemaker_leads_right_atrium_ventricle.pngView on Boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

Cardiac Stress Test A patient undergoing a stress test. This test examines blood flow to the heart during exertion, and can be used as a diagnostic tool in ischemic heart disease, coronary artery disease, and heart failure. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Stress test." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stress_test.jpg View on Boundless.comPublic domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stress_test.jpgView on Boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

Echocardiography Doppler signal in the left ventricular outflow tract: Velocity Time Integral (VTI). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "VTI LVOT." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VTI_LVOT.png View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VTI_LVOT.pngView on Boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

Pathological right ventricular hypertrophy. A healthy heart (left) and one suffering from right ventricular hypertrophy (right). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Right Ventricular hypertrophy." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Right_Ventricular_hypertrophy.svg View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Right_Ventricular_hypertrophy.svgView on Boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

Muscle Contraction and Actin-Myosin Interactions Skeletal muscle contracts following activation by an action potential. Binding of Acetylcholine at the motor end plate leads to intracellular calcium release and interactions between myofibrils, eliciting contraction. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Muskel-molekulartranslation." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muskel-molekulartranslation.png View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muskel-molekulartranslation.pngView on Boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

Chest X-ray Showing Artificial Pacemaker This chest x-ray shows an installed artificial pacemaker with wire routing used to contact the heart to regulate beating. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Herzschrittmacher auf Roentgenbild." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Herzschrittmacher_auf_Roentgenbild.jpg View on Boundless.comCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Herzschrittmacher_auf_Roentgenbild.jpgView on Boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

Coronary Circulation Coronary arteries labeled in red text and other landmarks in blue text. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Coronary arteries." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coronary_arteries.svg View on Boundless.comCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coronary_arteries.svgView on Boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

Opening and Closing of Heart Valves The closing of the heart valves generates the sounds that can be heard though a stethoscope, "lub, dub." Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Apikal4D." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apikal4D.gif View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apikal4D.gifView on Boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

Cardiac conduction system Electrical mpulse arising in SA node, traversing atria to AV node, then entering ventricle. Rhythm originating at or above AV node constitutes supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Heart conduct sinus." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heart_conduct_sinus.gif View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heart_conduct_sinus.gifView on Boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

The Cardiac Cycle Changes in contractility lead to pressure differences in the heart's chambers that drive the movement of blood. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. CC BY-SA http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Cardiac_cycle_pressure_only.png View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Cardiac_cycle_pressure_only.pngView on Boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

Animation of Myosin and Actin This animation shows myosin filaments (red) sliding along the actin filaments (pink) to contract a muscle cell. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Actin Myosin." Public domain http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Actin_Myosin.gif View on Boundless.comPublic domainhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Actin_Myosin.gifView on Boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

The Sarcomere A single sarcomere unit, with all functional areas labelled. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Sarcomere." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sarcomere.gif View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sarcomere.gifView on Boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

The Mammalian Heart The position of valves ensures proper directional flow of blood through the cardiac interior. Note the difference in the thickness of the muscled walls of the atrium and the left and right ventricle. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Diagram of the human heart (cropped)." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diagram_of_the_human_heart_(cropped).svg#globalusage View on Boundless.comCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diagram_of_the_human_heart_(cropped).svg#globalusageView on Boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

Atherosclerosis This diagram depicts the progression of atherosclerosis in a blood vessel. In coronary artery disease, these atherosclerotic plaques build up in the coronary arteries and rupture may lead to ischemic heart disease and myocardial infarction. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Endo dysfunction Athero." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Endo_dysfunction_Athero.PNG View on Boundless.comCC BY-SA 3.0http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Endo_dysfunction_Athero.PNGView on Boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

Heart viewed from above This anterior view of the heart indicates the semilunar valves, the aortic and pulmonary valves. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Gray494." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray494.png View on Boundless.comPublic domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray494.pngView on Boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

Normal Systole ECG The U wave is not visible in all ECGs. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Systole QRS Complex." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Systole_QRS_Complex.png View on Boundless.comGNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Systole_QRS_Complex.pngView on Boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

Coronary artery disease This micrograph, stained with Masson's trichrome (blue/green = collagen, dark brown = nuclei, red = smooth muscle actin) to illustrate atherosclerosis and narrowing of the vessel lumen. Characteristics of atherosclerosis shown here include thickening of the tunica intima, fragmentation of the internal elastic lamina (a very thin black wavy layer) between the intima and media, partial duplication of the internal elastic lamina, smooth muscle infiltration of the intima (from the media, red staining of the intima), and luminal narrowing. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "RCA atherosclerosis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RCA_atherosclerosis.jpg View on Boundless.comCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RCA_atherosclerosis.jpgView on Boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

Congenital heart defects Figure A shows the structure and blood flow in the interior of a normal heart. Figure B shows two common locations for a ventricular septal defect. The defect allows oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle to mix with oxygen-poor blood in the right ventricle. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "VSD image." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VSD_image.jpg View on Boundless.comPublic domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VSD_image.jpgView on Boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

Normal sinus rhythm Schematic diagram of normal sinus rhythm for a human heart as seen on ECG. In atrial fibrillation, one form of cardiac arrhythmia, the P waves, which represent depolarization of the atria, are absent. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "SinusRhythmLabels." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SinusRhythmLabels.svg View on Boundless.comPublic domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SinusRhythmLabels.svgView on Boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

Auscultogram of heart sounds, including murmurs Changes in heart sounds can indicate specific congenital defects in heart valves and chambers. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Phonocardiograms from normal and abnormal heart sounds." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phonocardiograms_from_normal_and_abnormal_heart_sounds.png View on Boundless.comCC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phonocardiograms_from_normal_and_abnormal_heart_sounds.pngView on Boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

Cross section of heart indicating heart valves The four valves determine the pathway of blood flow (indicated by arrows) through the heart Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com University of California San Francisco. "Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery - Heart Valve Disease." Public domain http://pediatricct.surgery.ucsf.edu/conditions-- procedures/heart-valve-disease.aspx View on Boundless.comPublic domainhttp://pediatricct.surgery.ucsf.edu/conditions-- procedures/heart-valve-disease.aspxView on Boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

Atrial flutter Atrial flutter, shown here, is a cardiac arrhythmia that occurs in the atria of the heart and falls into the category of supra-ventricular tachycardias. While this rhythm occurs most often in individuals with cardiovascular disease (e.g. hypertension, coronary artery disease, and cardiomyopathy) and diabetes, it may occur spontaneously in people with otherwise normal hearts. It is typically not a stable rhythm, and frequently degenerates into atrial fibrillation (AF). However, it does rarely persist for months to years. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Atrial flutter34." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Atrial_flutter34.JPG View on Boundless.comCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Atrial_flutter34.JPGView on Boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

Signs and symptoms of heart failure Common signs and symptoms of heart failure are depicted in the diagram. Common symptoms include shortness of breath, leg swelling, and exercise intolerance. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Heartfailure." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heartfailure.jpg View on Boundless.comPublic domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heartfailure.jpgView on Boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

Pleural Serous Membranes A transverse section of the thorax, showing the contents of the middle and the posterior mediastinum. The pleural and pericardial cavities are exaggerated since normally there is no space between parietal and visceral pleura and between pericardium and heart. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. Public domain http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Gray968.png View on Boundless.comPublic domainhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Gray968.pngView on Boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

Diastole Atrial contraction expels blood into the Ventricles. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Heart diasystole." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Heart_diasystole.svg View on Boundless.comCC BY-SA 3.0http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Heart_diasystole.svgView on Boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

Pulmonary circuit Diagram of pulmonary circulation. Oxygen-rich blood is shown in red; oxygen-depleted blood in blue. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Illu pulmonary circuit." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illu_pulmonary_circuit.jpg View on Boundless.comPublic domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illu_pulmonary_circuit.jpgView on Boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

Acute myocardial infarction The diagram depicts a myocardial infarction (2) of the tip of the anterior wall of the heart (an apical infarct) after occlusion (1) of a branch of the left coronary artery (LCA). Right coronary artery (RCA). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "AMI scheme." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AMI_scheme.png View on Boundless.comCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AMI_scheme.pngView on Boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

Schematic diagram of renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system Reduced perfusion (blood flow) to the kidneys stimulates the release of renin, an enzyme that catalyzes the production of the potent vasopressor angiotensin. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Renin-angiotensin system in man shadow." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Renin-angiotensin_system_in_man_shadow.svg View on Boundless.comPublic domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Renin-angiotensin_system_in_man_shadow.svgView on Boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

Pericardial Effusion A sonogram (ultrasound image) shows fluid around the heart (white arrow) in a patient with pericarditis. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "PericardialeffusionUS." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PericardialeffusionUS.PNG View on Boundless.comCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PericardialeffusionUS.PNGView on Boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

Pain areas in acute myocardial infarction Locale of perceived angina during MI. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "AMI pain front." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AMI_pain_front.png View on Boundless.comCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AMI_pain_front.pngView on Boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

Alveoli A diagram of the alveoli, illustrating the capillary beds where gas exchange with the blood occurs. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Alveolus diagram." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alveolus_diagram.svg View on Boundless.comPublic domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alveolus_diagram.svgView on Boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Cardiovascular System Which of the following best describes the anatomy of the heart? A) A four-chambered, double pump muscular organ that rhythmically pumps blood to the body and lungs B) A four-chambered, single pump muscular organ that rhythmically pumps blood to the body and lungs C) A two-chambered, double pump muscular organ that rhythmically pumps blood to the body and lungs D) A two-chambered, single pump muscular organ that rhythmically pumps blood to the body and lungs

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Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Cardiovascular System Which of the following statements about the pericardium coverings of the heart is FALSE? A) Fibrous pericardium anchors the heart to the chest wall and sternum B) Serous pericardium and its two layers protect and lubricate the heart C) Fibrous pericardium does not fully separate the heart and thoracic cavity D) Pericardial fluid fills the pericardial cavity of the serous pericardium

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Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Cardiovascular System Which is the correct order of the heart wall layers? A) Myocardium is the outer, epicardium is the middle, and endocardium is the inner layer B) Endocardium is the outer, epicardium is the middle, and myocardium is the inner layer C) Endocardium is the outer, myocardium is the middle, and epicardium is the inner layer D) Epicardium is the outer, myocardium is the middle, and endocardium is the inner layer

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Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Cardiovascular System Which of the following describes the flow of blood through the chambers of the heart? A) The 2 atria at the posterior end of the heart pump blood into the 2 ventricles at the anterior end B) The 2 ventricles at the anterior end of the heart pump blood into the 2 atria at the posterior end C) The 2 atria at the anterior end of the heart pump blood into the 2 ventricles at the posterior end D) The 2 ventricles at the posterior end of the heart pump blood into the 2 atria at the anterior end

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Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Cardiovascular System Which of the following statements about the great vessels of the heart is FALSE? A) Pulmonary arteries carry oxygenated blood and pulmonary veins deoxygenated blood B) The superior and inferior venae cavae return deoxygenated blood to the right atrium C) Oxygenated blood flows from heart through the aorta into the systemic circulation D) The pulmonary vessels carry blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart

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Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Cardiovascular System Which of the following statement(s) about the myocardium is/are true? A) All of the statements about the myocardium are true B) Cardiac muscle has a larger number of mitochondria than skeletal muscle C) Cardiac muscle contains unique oxygen-storing pigments called myoglobins D) The myocardium is thinnest within the atria, thickest in the left ventricle

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Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Cardiovascular System What essential function(s) does the heart's fibrous skeleton perform? A) Provides muscle attachment points as well as support B) Electrically isolates the atria from the ventricles C) Provides structural support from the four heart valves D) All of the essential functions listed are performed

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Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Cardiovascular System Which of the following statements about coronary or heart circulation is FALSE? A) Coronary arteries originate from the left side of the heart B) Coronary arteries are the only source of blood to the heart C) Myocardial infarction is when cardiac muscle dies from ischemia D) Norepinephrine causes vasoconstriction of coronary vessels

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Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Cardiovascular System Which of the following descriptions of the atrioventricular valves is true? A) Mitral valve: right side, 2 cuspsTricuspid valve: left side, 3 cusps B) Mitral valve: left side, 2 cuspsTricuspid valve: right side, 3 cusps C) Mitral valve: left side, 4 cuspsTricuspid valve: right side, 3 cusps D) Mitral valve: right side, 4 cuspsTricuspid valve: left side, 3 cusps

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Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Cardiovascular System Which of the statements about semilunar valves is FALSE? A) Both the aortic valve and pulmonary valve are made of 3 cusps B) The aortic valve separates the left ventricle from the aorta C) The atrioventricular and semilunar valves have chordae tendineae D) Pulmonary valve separates the right ventricle and pulmonary artery

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Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Cardiovascular System Which of the following describes the flow of blood in the systemic circulation circuit? A) Venae cavae to veins to venules to capillaries to arterioles to arteries to aorta B) Aorta to arteries to arterioles to capillaries to venules to veins to venae cavae C) Right and left pulmonary arteries to capillaries of the alveoli to pulmonary veins D) Pulmonary veins to capillaries of the alveoli to right and left pulmonary arteries

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Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Cardiovascular System Which of the following microscopic structures is found only in cardiac muscle tissue? A) Sarcomeres B) Z-discs or lines C) Intercalated discs D) I- and A-bands

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Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Cardiovascular System Cardiac muscle mechanisms of contraction are similar to those in skeletal muscle in all BUT which one of the following? A) Excitation contraction coupling (ECC) B) Sliding filament model of contraction C) Calcium influx via T-tubules channels D) Calcium-induced calcium release (CICR)

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Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Cardiovascular System The heart pumps continuously throughout life and has adapted enabling mechanisms. Which of the following IS NOT such a mechanism? A) Cardiomyocytes contain large numbers of mitochondria B) Cardiomyocytes contain myoglobin to store extra oxygen C) The heart relies completely on anaerobic metabolism D) A good blood supply from the coronary arteries

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Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Cardiovascular System What is the name of the structure that performs the role of the heart's natural pacemaker? A) Sarcoplasm B) Systole center C) Atrioventricular node D) Sinoatrial node

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ The Cardiovascular System What is the name of the structure that performs the role of the heart's natural pacemaker? A) Sarcoplasm B) Systole center C) Atrioventricular node D) Sinoatrial node

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Cardiovascular System Which of the following correctly describes the electrical events that occur during the P wave (A), the QRS complex (B), T wave (C), and U wave (D)? A) A) ventricles depolarizeB) atria depolarizeC) ventricles repolarizeD) septum repolarize B) A) atria depolarizeB) ventricles depolarizeC) ventricles repolarizeD) septum repolarize C) A) ventricles depolarizeB) atria depolarizeC) septum repolarizeD) ventricles repolarize D) A) ventricles depolarizeB) ventricles repolarizeC) atria depolarizeD) septum repolarize

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Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Cardiovascular System Which of the following is the correct order of valve activity that produces the "lub, dub" sounds of the heart? A) The aortic valve and then the atrioventricular and pulmonary valves closing B) The pulmonary valve and then the atrioventricular and aortic valves closing C) The pulmonary valve and then the atrioventricular and aortic valves opening D) The atrioventricular valves and then the aortic and pulmonary valves closing

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Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Cardiovascular System Which of the following is the correct order of events in the cardiac cycle A) Ventricular systole, atrial systole, and cardiac diastole B) Atrial systole, cardiac diastole, and ventricular systole C) Cardiac diastole, ventricular systole, and atrial systole D) Atrial systole, ventricular systole, and cardiac diastole

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Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Cardiovascular System Which of the following DOES NOT contribute to the control of cardiac output? A) Vascular bed resistance B) Phase of respiraton C) Metabolic oxygen demand D) Atmospheric pressure

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Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Cardiovascular System The main effects of exercise on the heart include which of the following? A) Aerobic conditioning trains the heart and lungs to pump blood more efficiently B) A stronger heart does not pump blood faster but does pump it more forcefully C) The main effects of excercise on the heart include all of the statements D) Most beneficial effects can be attained through moderate-intensity activity

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Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Cardiovascular System Which of the following are processes by which the circulatory system develops: A) angiogenesis, B) circulogenesis, C) vasculogenesis, and D) capillogenesis? A) B and D B) A and C C) A and B D) C and D

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Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Cardiovascular System Of the following changes, which one DOES NOT happen to the heart as we age? A) Heart is more efficient with extended use B) Decreased cardiac output and heart rate C) Heart valves become thickened by fibrosis D) Atherosclerosis and hypertension develop

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Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Cardiovascular System Which of the following intervention(s) is/are important in the treatment of heart failure? A) Lifestyle adjustments B) Cardiac medications C) Implantion of devices D) All are important

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Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Cardiovascular System What is the main purpose of cardiopulmonary resuscitation? A) To restart the heart and restore blood flow back to the whole body B) To restore partial flow of oxygenated blood to the brain and heart C) To restore the flow of oxygenated blood throughout all of the body D) To resuscitate 67% of people not breathing and without circulation

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Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Cardiovascular System Pericarditis, the inflammation of the pericardium, has many causes. Which of the following IS NOT a cause? A) Vitamin D side effect B) Viral or bacterial infection C) Myocardial infarction D) Fungal infection

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Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Cardiovascular System Which one of the following statements about myocarditis and endocarditis is FALSE? A) Endocarditis is an inflammation of the inner layer and other inner heart structures B) Endocarditis is both easily diagnosed and treated due to the constant flow of blood C) Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle due to viruses or autoimmune reaction D) Myocarditis prognosis varies from resolution to death when heart function is compromised

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Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Cardiovascular System Which heart valves are more commonly affected by heart valve disorders? A) Tricuspid and pulmonary valves B) Aortic and tricuspid valves C) Aortic and mitral valves D) Mitral and pulmonary valves

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Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Cardiovascular System What is the most serious difference between myocardial ischemia and myocardial infarction? A) Myocardial ischemia causes angina at predictable levels of exertion B) Myocardial infarction causes permanent damage to the heart muscles C) Myocardial infarction occurs after the onset of myocardial ischemia D) Myocardial ischemia is a reduced blood supply to the heart muscles

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Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Cardiovascular System Which of the following types of pacemakers has a pacing scheme that most closely resembles the natural pacing of the heart? A) Dual-chamber pacemaker B) Single-chamber pacemaker C) Rate-responsive pacemaker D) Cardioverter defibrillators

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Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Cardiovascular System Which one of the following statements describing murmurs is FALSE? A) All heart and valve problems produce audible murmurs B) Made by turbulent blood flow within or near the heart C) Most murmurs can only be heard with an stethoscope D) Inhalation and exhalation may change murmur sounds

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Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Cardiovascular System Which of the following symptoms IS NOT a symptom of congestive heart failure? A) Increased sympathetic drive B) Reduced peripheral resistance C) Hypertrophy of the myocardium D) Reduced kidney perfusion (flow)

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Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Cardiovascular System Which of the following statements about cardiac artery disease and its causes is FALSE? A) Coronary artery disease means the same thing as coronary heart disease B) Myocardial ischemia is caused by inadequate blood supply to the heart C) Myocardial infarction is when irreversible death to heart muscle occurs D) Cholesterol, smoking, hypertension, diabetes are confirmed risk factors

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Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Cardiovascular System Which of the following is/are known causes of congenital heart defects that affect 9 in 1000 people? A) All the mechanisms listed B) Sporadic genetic changes C) Fetal environment factors D) Hypoplasia of the heart

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Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Cardiovascular System Which of the following cardiac arrhythmias causes an irregular heartbeat that could lead to death within minutes? A) Atrial fibrillation B) Bradycardia C) Cardioversion D) Ventricular fibrillation

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Attribution Wikipedia. "Cardiovascular system." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_system#DevelopmentCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_system#Development Wikipedia. "aortic arches." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/aortic%20archesCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/aortic%20arches Wikipedia. "Vasculogenesis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VasculogenesisCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasculogenesis Wiktionary. "vasculogenesis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vasculogenesisCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vasculogenesis Wiktionary. "angiogenesis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/angiogenesisCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/angiogenesis Wikipedia. "Epicardium." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EpicardiumCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicardium Wikipedia. "Myocardium." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MyocardiumCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardium Wikibooks. "Human Physiology/The cardiovascular system." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_cardiovascular_system#The_HeartCC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_cardiovascular_system#The_Heart Wikipedia. "Endocardium." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EndocardiumCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocardium Wiktionary. "epicardium." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/epicardiumCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/epicardium Wiktionary. "endocardium." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/endocardiumCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/endocardium Wiktionary. "cardiomyocyte." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cardiomyocyteCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cardiomyocyte Wikipedia. "endothelial cell." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/endothelial%20cellCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/endothelial%20cell Wikipedia. "Ventricle (heart)." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricle_(heart)CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricle_(heart) Wikipedia. "Atrium (heart)." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrium_(heart)CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrium_(heart) Wikibooks. "Human Physiology/The cardiovascular system." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_cardiovascular_system#Heart_ChambersCC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_cardiovascular_system#Heart_Chambers Wikipedia. "pulsatile." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pulsatileCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pulsatile Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

Wiktionary. "systole." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/systoleCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/systole Wiktionary. "diastole." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/diastoleCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/diastole Wikipedia. "Pulmonary circulation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_circulationCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_circulation Wikipedia. "Systemic circulation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_circulationCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_circulation Wiktionary. "pulmonary circulation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pulmonary+circulationCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pulmonary+circulation Wiktionary. "systemic circulation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/systemic+circulationCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/systemic+circulation Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//physics/definition/alveoli--2CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//physics/definition/alveoli--2 Wiktionary. "collagen." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/collagenCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/collagen Wikipedia. "Cardiac skeleton." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_skeletonCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_skeleton Wikipedia. "cardiac skeleton." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cardiac%20skeletonCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cardiac%20skeleton Wikipedia. "fibrous rings." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/fibrous%20ringsCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/fibrous%20rings Wikipedia. "Congenital heart defect." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_heart_defectCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_heart_defect Wiktionary. "long QT syndrome." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/long+QT+syndromeCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/long+QT+syndrome Wiktionary. "hypoplasia." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hypoplasiaCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hypoplasia Wiktionary. "cyanosis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cyanosisCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cyanosis Wikipedia. "Semilunar valves." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semilunar_valves#Semilunar_valvesCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semilunar_valves#Semilunar_valves Wikipedia. "aortic valve." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/aortic%20valveCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/aortic%20valve Wikipedia. "pulmonary valve." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pulmonary%20valveCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pulmonary%20valve Wikipedia. "Semilunar valves." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semilunar%20valvesCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semilunar%20valves Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

Wikipedia. "lub." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/lubCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/lub Wikipedia. "dub." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/dubCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/dub Wikibooks. "Human Physiology/The cardiovascular system." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_cardiovascular_system#.22Lub-Dub.22CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_cardiovascular_system#.22Lub-Dub.22 Wikibooks. "Human Physiology/Development: birth through death." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/Development:_birth_through_death#Cardiovascular_SystemCC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/Development:_birth_through_death#Cardiovascular_System Wikibooks. "Human Physiology/The cardiovascular system." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_cardiovascular_system#AgingCC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_cardiovascular_system#Aging Wiktionary. "arrhythmia." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/arrhythmiaCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/arrhythmia Wiktionary. "atherosclerosis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/atherosclerosisCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/atherosclerosis Wikipedia. "cardiac output." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cardiac%20outputCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cardiac%20output Wikipedia. "Myocardium." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardium#AppearanceCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardium#Appearance Wikipedia. "Sarcomeres." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SarcomeresCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcomeres Wikipedia. "Myofibrils." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MyofibrilsCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myofibrils Wiktionary. "sarcomere." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sarcomereCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sarcomere Wikipedia. "syncytium." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/syncytiumCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/syncytium Wikipedia. "intercalated discs." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/intercalated%20discsCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/intercalated%20discs Wikipedia. "Coronary circulation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_circulationCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_circulation Wiktionary. "ischemia." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ischemiaCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ischemia Wiktionary. "myocardial infarction." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/myocardial+infarctionCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/myocardial+infarction Wikipedia. "Coronary circulation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary%20circulationCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary%20circulation Wikipedia. "Semilunar valves." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semilunar_valves#Atrioventricular_or_cuspid_valvesCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semilunar_valves#Atrioventricular_or_cuspid_valves Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

Wikipedia. "Mitral valve." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitral_valve#Normal_physiologyCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitral_valve#Normal_physiology Wiktionary. "mitral valve." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mitral+valveCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mitral+valve Wikipedia. "Atrioventricular valves." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrioventricular%20valvesCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrioventricular%20valves Wikipedia. "Subvalvular apparatus." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subvalvular%20apparatusCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subvalvular%20apparatus Wikipedia. "Myocardium." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardium#MetabolismCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardium#Metabolism Wikipedia. "lactate." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/lactateCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/lactate Wiktionary. "basal metabolic rate." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/basal+metabolic+rateCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/basal+metabolic+rate Wiktionary. "myoglobin." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/myoglobinCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/myoglobin Wikibooks. "Human Physiology/The cardiovascular system." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_cardiovascular_system#The_HeartCC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_cardiovascular_system#The_Heart Wikipedia. "Human heart." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_heart#StructureCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_heart#Structure Wiktionary. "heart." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/heartCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/heart Wiktionary. "myocardium." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/myocardiumCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/myocardium Wiktionary. "ventricle." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ventricleCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ventricle Wikipedia. "aerobic exercise." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/aerobic%20exerciseCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/aerobic%20exercise Wikipedia. "anaerobic threshold." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/anaerobic%20thresholdCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/anaerobic%20threshold Wikipedia. "Aerobic conditioning." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic_conditioningCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic_conditioning Wikipedia. "Exercise." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise#Cardiovascular_systemCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise#Cardiovascular_system Wikipedia. "Pericardium." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PericardiumCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericardium Wikipedia. "Serous pericardium." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serous_pericardiumCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serous_pericardium Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

Wikibooks. "Human Physiology/The cardiovascular system." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_cardiovascular_system#PericardiumCC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_cardiovascular_system#Pericardium Wikipedia. "Fibrous pericardium." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrous_pericardiumCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrous_pericardium Wiktionary. "pericardium." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pericardiumCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pericardium Wikipedia. "fibrous pericardium." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/fibrous%20pericardiumCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/fibrous%20pericardium Wikipedia. "serous pericardium." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/serous%20pericardiumCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/serous%20pericardium Wikipedia. "Heart sounds." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_sounds#MurmursCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_sounds#Murmurs Wikipedia. "Heart murmur." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_murmurCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_murmur Wiktionary. "stenosis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stenosisCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stenosis Wiktionary. "auscultation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/auscultationCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/auscultation Wikipedia. "Heart murmurs." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart%20murmursCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart%20murmurs Wikipedia. "Pericarditis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PericarditisCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericarditis Wiktionary. "cardiac tamponade." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cardiac+tamponadeCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cardiac+tamponade Wiktionary. "pericarditis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pericarditisCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pericarditis Wiktionary. "inflammation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/inflammationCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/inflammation Wikipedia. "Valvular heart disease." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valvular_heart_diseaseCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valvular_heart_disease Wikipedia. "Myocardium." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardium#Role_of_calcium_in_contractionCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardium#Role_of_calcium_in_contraction Wikipedia. "Myocardium." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardium#T-TubulesCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardium#T-Tubules Wikipedia. "Excitation-contraction coupling." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excitation-contraction_couplingCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excitation-contraction_coupling Wikipedia. "excitation contraction coupling (ECC)." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/excitation%20contraction%20coupling%20(ECC)CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/excitation%20contraction%20coupling%20(ECC) Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

Wikipedia. "calcium-induced calcium release (CICR)." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/calcium- induced%20calcium%20release%20(CICR)CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/calcium- induced%20calcium%20release%20(CICR) Wikipedia. "T-tubule." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-tubuleCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-tubule Wikipedia. "Arrhythmia." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArrhythmiaCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrhythmia Wiktionary. "automaticity." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/automaticityCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/automaticity Wikipedia. "supraventricular tachycardia." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/supraventricular%20tachycardiaCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/supraventricular%20tachycardia Wikipedia. "Cardiac arrhythmia (irregular heartbeat)." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac%20arrhythmia%20(irregular%20heartbeat)CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac%20arrhythmia%20(irregular%20heartbeat) Wikipedia. "Electrical conduction system of the heart." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conduction_system_of_the_heartCC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conduction_system_of_the_heart Wikipedia. "Pulse." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PulseCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//physiology/definition/pulseCC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//physiology/definition/pulse Wikipedia. "cardiac output." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cardiac%20outputCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cardiac%20output Wikipedia. "cardiac cycle." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cardiac%20cycleCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cardiac%20cycle Wikibooks. "Human Physiology/The cardiovascular system." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_cardiovascular_system#Cardiac_CycleCC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_cardiovascular_system#Cardiac_Cycle Wikibooks. "Human Physiology/The cardiovascular system." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_cardiovascular_system#SystoleCC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_cardiovascular_system#Systole Wikibooks. "Human Physiology/The cardiovascular system." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_cardiovascular_system#DiastoleCC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_cardiovascular_system#Diastole Wikipedia. "noradrenaline." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/noradrenalineCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/noradrenaline Wiktionary. "gap junction." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gap+junctionCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gap+junction Wiktionary. "ventricle." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ventricleCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ventricle Wikibooks. "Human Physiology/The cardiovascular system." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_cardiovascular_system#The_Cardiovascular_PathwaysCC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_cardiovascular_system#The_Cardiovascular_Pathways Wikipedia. "Pulmonary artery." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_arteryCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_artery Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

Wikipedia. "Superior vena cava." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_vena_cavaCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_vena_cava Wikipedia. "Vena cavae." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vena_cavaeCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vena_cavae Wikipedia. "Aorta." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AortaCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aorta Wikipedia. "Pulmonary vein." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_veinCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_vein Wikipedia. "Inferior vena cava." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_vena_cavaCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_vena_cava Wiktionary. "aorta." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aortaCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aorta Wikipedia. "pulmonary vessels." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pulmonary%20vesselsCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pulmonary%20vessels Wikipedia. "venae cavae." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/venae%20cavaeCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/venae%20cavae Wikipedia. "Valvular heart disease." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valvular_heart_diseaseCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valvular_heart_disease Wiktionary. "tricuspid valve." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tricuspid+valveCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tricuspid+valve Wiktionary. "stenosis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stenosisCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stenosis Wiktionary. "echocardiography." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/echocardiographyCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/echocardiography Wikipedia. "Coronary artery disease." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_artery_diseaseCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease Wikipedia. "atheromatous plaques." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/atheromatous%20plaquesCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/atheromatous%20plaques Wikipedia. "myocardial ischemia." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/myocardial%20ischemiaCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/myocardial%20ischemia Wikipedia. "Coronary sinus." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_sinusCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_sinus Wiktionary. "angina pectoris." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/angina+pectorisCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/angina+pectoris Wiktionary. "ischemia." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ischemiaCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ischemia Wikipedia. "Cardiopulmonary resuscitation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_resuscitationCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_resuscitation Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

Wiktionary. "artificial respiration." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/artificial+respirationCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/artificial+respiration Wiktionary. "defibrillation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/defibrillationCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/defibrillation Wiktionary. "cardiopulmonary resuscitation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cardiopulmonary+resuscitationCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cardiopulmonary+resuscitation Wikipedia. "cardiac output." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cardiac%20outputCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cardiac%20output Wikipedia. "pulse pressure." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pulse%20pressureCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pulse%20pressure Wiktionary. "echocardiography." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/echocardiographyCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/echocardiography Wikipedia. "Cardiac output." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_outputCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_output Wikipedia. "atrioventricular node." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/atrioventricular%20nodeCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/atrioventricular%20node Wikipedia. "sinoatrial node." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sinoatrial%20nodeCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sinoatrial%20node Wikipedia. "Electrocardiography." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ElectrocardiographyCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrocardiography Wikibooks. "Human Physiology/The cardiovascular system." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_cardiovascular_system#The_ECGCC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_cardiovascular_system#The_ECG Wiktionary. "congestive heart failure." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/congestive+heart+failureCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/congestive+heart+failure Wiktionary. "myocardial infarction." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/myocardial+infarctionCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/myocardial+infarction Wiktionary. "electrocardiogram." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/electrocardiogramCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/electrocardiogram Wikipedia. "Heart failure." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_failureCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_failure Wikipedia. "Management of heart failure." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_of_heart_failureCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_of_heart_failure Wikipedia. "Artificial cardiac pacemaker." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_cardiac_pacemakerCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_cardiac_pacemaker Wikipedia. "artificial pacemaker." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/artificial%20pacemakerCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/artificial%20pacemaker Wiktionary. "defibrillation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/defibrillationCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/defibrillation Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

Wikipedia. "fluoroscopy." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/fluoroscopyCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/fluoroscopy Wikipedia. "Myocardial infarction." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarctionCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarction Wikipedia. "Ischaemic heart disease." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischaemic_heart_diseaseCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischaemic_heart_disease Wiktionary. "ischemia." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ischemiaCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ischemia Wiktionary. "angiography." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/angiographyCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/angiography Wiktionary. "angioplasty." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/angioplastyCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/angioplasty Wikipedia. "Excitation-contraction coupling." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excitation-contraction_couplingCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excitation-contraction_coupling Wikipedia. "Sarcomere." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SarcomereCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcomere Wikipedia. "Myocardium." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MyocardiumCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardium Wikipedia. "T-tubules." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-tubulesCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-tubules Wikipedia. "Syncytium." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SyncytiumCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncytium Wiktionary. "myoglobin." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/myoglobinCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/myoglobin Wiktionary. "cardiomyocyte." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cardiomyocyteCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cardiomyocyte Wiktionary. "sarcomere." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sarcomereCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sarcomere Wikipedia. "Heart sounds." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_sounds#MurmursCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_sounds#Murmurs Wikipedia. "Heart murmur." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_murmurCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_murmur Wiktionary. "congestive heart failure." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/congestive+heart+failureCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/congestive+heart+failure Wiktionary. "renin." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/reninCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/renin Wiktionary. "baroreceptor." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/baroreceptorCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/baroreceptor Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com The Cardiovascular System

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