1. Georgia and the American Experience Chapter 6: An Age of Expansion, 1783-1838 Study Presentation

2. Georgia and the American Experience Section 1: Creating A New Government Creating A New GovernmentCreating A New Government Section 2: Land Fever in Georgia Land Fever in GeorgiaLand Fever in Georgia Section 3: Economic Growth in Georgia Economic Growth in GeorgiaEconomic Growth in Georgia Section 4: Georgia At the Dawn of a New Century Georgia At the Dawn of a New CenturyGeorgia At the Dawn of a New Century Section 5: The War of 1812 The War of 1812The War of 1812 Section 6: Native Americans in Georgia Native Americans in GeorgiaNative Americans in Georgia

3. Section 1: Creating A New Government Essential Question –What was Georgia’s role in the Constitutional Convention?

4. Section 1: Creating A New Government What words do I need to know? –U.S. Constitution –Bill of Rights –General Assembly

5. Constitutional Convention of 1787 William Few and Abraham Baldwin represented Georgia at the 1787 Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia; George Washington presided Constitutional Convention U.S. Constitution established three governmental branches: Executive, Legislative, and Judicial Senate and House of Representatives established; only three-fifths of slave population would count toward representation

6. U.S. Constitution Ratified in 1788 Georgia was fourth state to ratify (approve) the new Constitution Constitution could be amended (changed); first 10 amendments became Bill of Rights George Washington became the first Presidentfirst President

7. Postwar Georgia Economy in ruin; government provided food basics as farmers tried to reestablish their farms Capital moved to AugustaAugusta Georgia delegates met in 1788 and 1789; adopted state constitution similar to national government, with three branches General Assembly had two houses, Senate and House of Representatives; appointed governor and judges; controlled spending decisions Click to return to Table of Contents

8. Section 2: Land Fever in Georgia Essential Question –What are the differences between the headright system and the land lottery system, and how did they and the Yazoo Land Fraud impact Georgia’s growth?

9. Section 2: Land Fever in Georgia What words do I need to know? –headright system –Land lottery –Yazoo land fraud –Louisiana Purchase

10. Growth  Northwest Territory – Large land area north of the Ohio River  Cheap or free land –West – land was cheap –Georgia – land was free

11. Headright System Indian land in Georgia east of the Oconee River was given to settlers Every white male counted as a head of household and had the “right” to receive up to 1,000 acres This was generally replaced in 1803 by a land lottery for government-owned land west of the Oconeeland lottery All white heads-of-household could buy a lottery chance and win land; millions of acres in several states were given away

13. People who wanted land would register at a county courthouse. Their names were sent to the state capitol where their names were written on tickets and placed in a barrel. In another barrel, tickets were numbered to represent each of the parcels of land.

14. Yazoo Land Fraud Around 1795, four companies bribed the governor and legislators Bought millions of acres in western Georgia (today’s Alabama and Mississippi) for 1 ½ ¢ an acremillions of acres The public found out and protested; the legislators involved were voted out of office General Assembly repealed the law approving the sale; the federal government paid more than $4 million to help Georgia settle Yazoo land claims

15. Georgia’s boundary in 1795

16. Georgia’s boundary in 1814

17. The Western Territory In 1802, Georgia ceded (gave up) its land claims west of the Chattahoochee River to the federal government for $1.25 million President Thomas Jefferson doubled the nation’s size in 1803 with the Louisiana territory purchase; the U.S. paid France $15 million for land that stretched to the Rocky MountainsLouisiana territory purchase Click to return to Table of Contents

19. Section 3: Economic Growth in Georgia ESSENTIAL QUESTION –How did the invention of the cotton gin and the growth of railroads impact Georgia’s economy and growth?

20. Section 3: Economic Growth in Georgia What words do I need to know? –turnpike –cotton gin –mechanical reaper

22. Cotton and the Cotton Gin Eli Whitney in 1793 invented a machine for separating cotton seeds from its fiberEli Whitney Increased the amount cotton growers could process each day The gin used wire teeth on a turning cylinder to separate the seed from fiber

24. The Mechanical Reaper Cyrus McCormick invented a machine to cut grain in a fieldCyrus McCormick Wooden paddles attached to a horse’s harness allowed six times more grain to be cut per day than previous methods Georgia farmers could work larger and more profitable farms with these agricultural machines

25. Depression and the Panic of 1837 Many Georgia banks failed between 1837 and the early 1840sbanks This happened during a depression (a sharp economic downturn) Many business failed; many farmers and planters lost their land Many banks didn’t have enough cash to pay out money their depositors had entrusted to them

26. Early Roads in Georgia Railroads, most built after 1830, replaced horses, stagecoaches, and boats Most Georgia roads ran east to west; they were former Indian footpaths Plank roads over wetlands that featured “pikes” or gates were called turnpikes Travelers paid a toll, or fee at each pike; the Old Federal Road connected Athens north to Tennessee Old Federal Road

28. Steamboats  Steamboats solved the problem of river transportation  They could now travel upstream and over oceans  Before this invention, shipping could only occur slowly downstream (in the direction of the current).

29. Terminus Located at the southern end of a rail line that originated in Chattanooga, Tennessee Later renamed Marthasville, after the daughter of former Governor Wilson Lumpkin Marthasville became Atlanta, which today is the capital of GeorgiaAtlanta Rail lines greatly reduced travel time for people and freight Click to return to Table of Contents

30. Section 4: Georgia at the Dawn of a New Century ESSENTIAL QUESTION –How did lifestyles differ in Georgia between frontier families and town dwellers? –What role did the establishment of UGA, Louisville, and the spread of Baptist and Methodist churches play in Georgia's growth?

31. Section 4: Georgia at the Dawn of a New Century What words do I need to know? –pioneers –frontier Georgia –Trading posts –townsfolk

32. Frontier Georgia Undeveloped land in central and western Georgia Few settlers; much land given away in land lotteries Far-flung trading posts were only storestrading posts Often danger lurked from hostile attacks Social activities often centered around necessary work The country store became the center of activity; few luxuries were available

33. Life in Georgia’s Towns Cultural refinements (higher level living) set apart frontier and town lifestyles Newspapers, theater, and debate societiesNewspapers Fancy balls, barbecues, camp meetings, and horse racing Orphanages, hospitals, and facilities for people with special needs were operated

34. Religious Activities Anglicans, Quakers, and Methodist circuit riders (traveling ministers for frontier dwellers) grew in number Georgia’s first Roman Catholic Church established in Wilkes County in 1796 Savannah had active Jewish synagogue As more towns were established, churches become central to community life In other parts of America, the Mormon church and the African Methodist Episcopal (A.M.E.) churches were startedAfrican Methodist Episcopal (A.M.E.)

35. Education in Georgia The University of Georgia chartered in 1785 as nation’s first land-grant university; opened for classes in 1801University of Georgia UGA was often called Franklin College in its early days By 1820, there were forty academies (schools) across the state Georgia Female College (later Wesleyan College) opened in 1836 Click to return to Table of Contents

36. Georgia’s Growth In 1790, Georgia’s population was 82,548 Each dot represents 400 people. The un-shaded area is Native American territory.

37. In 10 years, the population almost doubled to 162,686. Where does most of the new growth seem to be taking place? What might cause this?

38. By 1810, the population had grown to 252,433. Did the area around Savannah change much from 1790 to 1810?

39. By 1820, the population was 340,989. The southern portion of the state had opened up, but no one seemed too anxious to move there. What may have discouraged them?

40. By 1830, Georgia’s population jumped to over half a million (516,823). In 1829, gold was discovered in Cherokee Territory. Does the map indicate what might happen next?

41. By 1840, Georgia resembled the shape we now know, and the population had grown to 691,392. By 1840, 41% of Georgia’s total population was made up of slaves. Does the map give clues to where Georgia’s cotton crops were grown?

42. Section 5: The War of 1812 ESSENTIAL QUESTION –What were the causes of the War of 1812?

43. Section 5: The War of 1812 What words and people do I need to know? –embargo –president James Madison –war hawks –Treaty of Ghent

44. Unhappy with French and British Trade Policies Years of war between Great Britain and France prompted both countries to try to block U.S. trade with its enemy British ships made American sailors serve with the British Navy President Thomas Jefferson ordered an embargo in 1807 to stop trade with foreign countries; this proved disastrous to American shipping embargo

46. The War Hawks Land-hungry Southerners and Westerners Believed British were stirring up the Indians in the western territories Argued for war against Great BritainArgued for war Believed the British should be driven from Canada to eliminate the problems in the western territories President James Madison pushed Congress to declare war on Great Britain in 1812; the war declaration narrowly passed

47. War Breaks Out War lasted for two years; neither side gained advantage during first two years In 1814, British attack and burn Washington, the young national capital British later attacked Baltimore harbor; “The Star Spangled Banner” written during The Battle of Fort McHenryBattle of Fort McHenry The Battle of New Orleans, fought after the Treaty of Ghent ended the war, was a decisive American victory The war united the American states as one nation; Andrew Jackson became a national hero Click to return to Table of Contents

49. Section 6: Native Americans in Georgia ESSENTIAL QUESTION –What roles did Alexander McGillivray, William McIntosh, Sequoyah, John Ross, the Dahlonega Gold Rush, Worcester v. Georgia, Andrew Jackson, and John Marshall play in the events leading to the Trail of Tears?

50. Section 6: Native Americans in Georgia What words do I need to know? –syllabary –Oconee War –Treaty of New York –Red Sticks –White Sticks –Treaty of Indian Springs –Trail of Tears

51. Cherokee Culture Most advanced of Georgia’s tribes; learned quickly from white settlers Some, like Chief James Vann, lived in large houses Chief Vann encouraged Christianity Sequoyah developed a syllabary, a group of symbols that stand for whole syllables; it gave Cherokees a written form of their languageSequoyah Government modeled on that of United States; capital at New Echota by 1825

52. Creek Indians Series of clashes between Creek and settlers who pushed into their land known as Oconee War Treaty of New York: Creeks give up all land east of the Oconee River, but could keep land on the west side; this angered Georgia settlers, who felt betrayed by their governmentTreaty of New York Land treaties were often broken Red Stick Creeks endorsed war to fight for their land claims; White Stick Creeks wanted peace

53. The Creek War Red Sticks attacked Fort Mims, killing more than 400 peopleFort Mims The Battle of Horseshoe Bend, in Alabama, ended the Creek War in 1814; Andrew Jackson led the U.S. troopsThe Battle of Horseshoe Bend The Creeks were forced to give up nearly all their land to the U.S. government The Treaty of Indian Springs gave up last Creek lands in Georgia to the U.S.; Chief William McIntosh was later murdered by rival Creeks for signing the treaty

54. Creek Removal Treaty of Washington (1832) resulted in 5 million acres of Creek land ceded to the United StatesTreaty of Washington U.S. agreed to allow Creeks who wished to remain and live on 2 million of those acres; the U.S. promised to protect those who stayed Those who didn’t wish to stay would have to move to the western territories The treaty was broken; by 1840, nearly all Creeks were forced to move west

55. The Trail of Tears Discovery of gold in north Georgia heightened demand for Cherokee landDiscovery of gold The Supreme Court ruled that Cherokee territory was not subject to state law, but the ruling was not enforced Between 1832 and 1835, Cherokees were stripped of their land In 1838, thousands of Cherokees were forcibly removed to Oklahoma; about 4,000 died from disease, exposure, or hunger forcibly removed to Oklahoma 700 to 800 escaped and hid in the North Carolina mountains Click to return to Table of Contents