1. The Introduction & Conclusion © Phil Boorman / Taxi / Getty Images

2. Primacy-Recency Effect ► The tendency to remember the first and last items conveyed orally in a series rather than the items in between Fabrizio_Costantini / The New York Redux Pictures 2

3. Chapter Sections ► Creating the introduction ► Creating the conclusion ► Completing the outline 3

4. Chapter Section One Creating the Introduction 4

5. Goals of the Introduction ► Get attention ► Establish listener relevance ► Establish your credibility and goodwill ► State your thesis 5

6. Get Attention ► Make a startling statement ► Ask a question - rhetorical or direct ► Tell a story ► Tell a joke 6

7. Get Attention (cont.) ► Supply a personal reference ► Recite a quotation ► Perform or motivate an action ► Create suspense 7

8. Establish Listener Relevance ► Listener relevance link – a statement of how and why your speech relates to or might affect your listeners 8

9. Establish Your Credibility and Goodwill ► Listeners are more motivated to both listen to and believe a speaker based on their perception of his or her: ●Ethos (competence, good character, and goodwill); ●Pathos (appeals to emotions); and ●Logos (perception of truth through evidence and reasoning). (1) (1) Aristotle, Rhetoric, translated by W. Rhys Roberts (New York: Modern Library, 1954). 9

10. State Your Thesis ► Thesis – introduces your audience to your general goal, specific goal, and main points of your speech Barry Rosenthal / Taxi / Getty Images 10

11. Chapter Section Two Creating the Conclusion 12

12. Goals of the Conclusion ► Summarize the goal and main points. ► Have a clincher—a one or two sentence statement that provides a sense of closure by driving home the importance of your speech in a memorable way. 13

13. Selecting the Best Conclusion ► To determine how you will conclude your speech, create two or three conclusions; ► Then, choose the one you believe will best reinforce your speech goal with your audience. 14

14. Chapter Section Three Completing the Outline 16

15. Completing the Outline ► Listing sources ► Writing a title ●Simple statement of subject ●Question ●Creative title 17

16. Reviewing the Outline ► Have I used a standard set of symbols to indicate structure? ► Have I written main points and major subdivisions in complete sentences? ► Do main points and major subdivisions contain a single idea? 18

17. Review the Outline (cont.) ► Does each major subdivision relate to or support its major point? ► Are potential subdivision elaborations indicated? ► Does the outline include no more than one-third the total number of words anticipated in the speech? 19